ReviewVaccine2011
Of mice and not humans: how reliable are animal models for evaluation of herpes CD8(+)-T cell-epitopes-based immunotherapeutic vaccine candidates?
Review in Vaccine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-neuronal sites of latency for alphaherpesviruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Role of mucosal chemokines in the development of tissue-resident CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- HSV-1 as a Potential Driver of Alzheimer's Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Path Towards Effective Long-Lasting Tissue-Targeted Prime/Pull/Keep Herpes Simplex Therapeutic Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Article
- Animal models of human herpesvirus infection.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Design and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent mRNA vaccine targeting HSV-2 with comparative evaluation of co-formulated and admixed formulations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The immunobiology of corneal HSV-1 infection and herpetic stromal keratitis.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Local Power: The Role of Tissue-Resident Immunity in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation.Viruses · 2024Review
- Models of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency.Viruses · 2024Review
- Mouse Models for Human Herpesviruses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- iPSC-derived three-dimensional brain organoid models and neurotropic viral infections.Journal of neurovirology · 2023Review
- Maternal antibodies induced by a live attenuated vaccine protect neonatal mice from cytomegalovirus.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- A Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurosensory-Epithelial Circuitry on a Chip to Model Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Assessing the Immunomodulatory Effect of Size on the Uptake and Immunogenicity of Influenza- and Hepatitis B Subunit Vaccines In Vitro.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Clinical, neuropathological, and immunological short- and long-term feature of a mouse model mimicking human herpes virus encephalitis.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A HSV1 mutant leads to an attenuated phenotype and induces immunity with a protective effect.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- A Single-Cycle Glycoprotein D Deletion Viral Vaccine Candidate, ΔgD-2, Elicits Polyfunctional Antibodies That Protect against Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- HSV-1 infection and pathogenesis in the tree shrew eye following corneal inoculation.Journal of neurovirology · 2020Article
- Vaccines to prevent genital herpes.Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)-specific CD8(+) T cells that reside in sensory ganglia, appear to control recurrent herpetic disease by aborting or reducing spontaneous and sporadic reactivations of latent virus. A reliable animal model is the ultimate key factor to test the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines that boost the level and the quality of sensory ganglia-resident CD8(+) T cells against spontaneous herpes reactivation from sensory neurons, yet its relevance has been often overlooked. Herpes vaccinologists are hesitant about using mouse as a model in pre-clinical development of therapeutic vaccines because they do not adequately mimic spontaneous viral shedding or recurrent symptomatic diseases, as occurs in human. Alternatives to mouse models are rabbits and guinea pigs in which reactivation arise spontaneously with clinical herpetic features relevant to human disease. However, while rabbits and guinea pigs develop spontaneous HSV reactivation and recurrent ocular and genital disease none of them can mount CD8(+) T cell responses specific to Human Leukocyte Antigen- (HLA-)restricted epitopes. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these animal models and describe a novel "humanized" HLA transgenic rabbit, which shows spontaneous HSV-1 reactivation, recurrent ocular disease and mounts CD8(+) T cell responses to HLA-restricted epitopes. Adequate investments are needed to develop reliable preclinical animal models, such as HLA class I and class II double transgenic rabbits and guinea pigs to balance the ethical and financial concerns associated with the rising number of unsuccessful clinical trials for therapeutic vaccine formulations tested in unreliable mouse models.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.