ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2011
Differential activity by polymorphic variants of a remote enhancer that supports galanin expression in the hypothalamus and amygdala: implications for obesity, depression and alcoholism.
Article in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the roles of conserved context-dependent cis-regulatory elements (cdCREs) in multicellularity, human health and disease.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- A map of enhancer regions in primary human neural progenitor cells using capture STARR-seq.Genome research · 2025Article
- An Emerging Role for Enhancer RNAs in Brain Disorders.Neuromolecular medicine · 2024Review
- An ancient polymorphic regulatory region within the BDNF gene associated with obesity modulates anxiety-like behaviour in mice and humans.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Context-dependant enhancers as a reservoir of functional polymorphisms and epigenetic markers linked to alcohol use disorders and comorbidities.Addiction neuroscience · 2022Review
- Regulatory effects and potential therapeutic implications of alarin in depression, and arguments on its receptor.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- CRISPR disruption and UK Biobank analysis of a highly conserved polymorphic enhancer suggests a role in male anxiety and ethanol intake.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- The anxiety and ethanol intake controlling GAL5.1 enhancer is epigenetically modulated by, and controls preference for, high-fat diet.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2021Article
- Identifying adaptive alleles in the human genome: from selection mapping to functional validation.Human genetics · 2021Review
- Perspective: Quality Versus Quantity; Is It Important to Assess the Role of Enhancers in Complex Disease from an In Vivo Perspective?International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Enhancer RNAs predict enhancer-gene regulatory links and are critical for enhancer function in neuronal systems.Nucleic acids research · 2020Article
- Non-coding genetic variation shaping mental health.Current opinion in psychology · 2019Review
- Genomic Enhancers in Brain Health and Disease.Genes · 2019Review
- Association between anxiety and non-coding genetic variants of the galanin neuropeptide.PloS one · 2019Article
- Oprm1 A112G, a single nucleotide polymorphism, alters expression of stress-responsive genes in multiple brain regions in male and female mice.Psychopharmacology · 2018Article
- Using mouse transgenic and human stem cell technologies to model genetic mutations associated with schizophrenia and autism.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2018Review
- Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Mammalian Central Nervous System.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2017Review
- An analysis of possible off target effects following CAS9/CRISPR targeted deletions of neuropeptide gene enhancers from the mouse genome.Neuropeptides · 2017Article
- High-Throughput Assays to Assess the Functional Impact of Genetic Variants: A Road Towards Genomic-Driven Medicine.Clinical and translational science · 2017Review
- Galanin's implications for post-stroke improvement.Anatomy & cell biology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The expression of the galanin gene (GAL) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and in the amygdala of higher vertebrates suggests the requirement for highly conserved, but unidentified, regulatory sequences that are critical to allow the galanin gene to control alcohol and fat intake and modulate mood. We used comparative genomics to identify a highly conserved sequence that lay 42 kb 5' of the human GAL transcriptional start site that we called GAL5.1. GAL5.1 activated promoter activity in neurones of the PVN, arcuate nucleus and amygdala that also expressed the galanin peptide. Analysis in neuroblastoma cells demonstrated that GAL5.1 acted as an enhancer of promoter activity after PKC activation. GAL5.1 contained two polymorphisms; rs2513280(C/G) and rs2513281(A/G), that occurred in two allelic combinations (GG or CA) where the dominant GG alelle occurred in 70-83 % of the human population. Intriguingly, both SNPs were found to be in LD (R(2) of 0.687) with another SNP (rs2156464) previously associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Recreation of these alleles in reporter constructs and subsequent magnetofection into primary rat hypothalamic neurones showed that the CA allele was 40 % less active than the GG allele. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the weaker allele may affect food and alcohol preference. The linkage of the SNPs analysed in this study with a SNP previously associated with MDD together with the functioning of GAL5.1 as a PVN and amygdala specific enhancer represent a significant advance in our ability to understand alcoholism, obesity and major depressive disorder.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.