ArticleInfection and immunity2011
Context-dependent activation kinetics elicited by soluble versus outer membrane vesicle-associated heat-labile enterotoxin.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Attenuating ETEC virulence using a heat-labile enterotoxin-blocking binding protein.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Review
- Proteomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations with Possibly Unique Functionality.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- Integrating Transcriptomics and Metabolomics to Explore the Novel Pathway ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Outer Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Functions, and Issues.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2022Review
- Bacillus licheniformis PF9 improves barrier function and alleviates inflammatory responses against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 infection in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Article
- The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: a bacterial point of view.The EMBO journal · 2021Review
- Outer Membrane Vesicle Production byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Production of extracellular vesicles with light-induced proton pump activity by proteorhodopsin-containing marine bacteria.MicrobiologyOpen · 2019Article
- [Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in bacterial pathogenesis].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2018Review
- Versatile effects of bacterium-released membrane vesicles on mammalian cells and infectious/inflammatory diseases.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2018Review
- EnterotoxigenicBioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2017Review
- Pathogenic Lifestyles ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2016Article
- Article
- Protein selection and export via outer membrane vesicles.Biochimica et biophysica acta · 2014Review
- Quantitative and qualitative preparations of bacterial outer membrane vesicles.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2013Article
- Functional advantages conferred by extracellular prokaryotic membrane vesicles.Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology · 2013Review
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli prevents host NF-κB activation by targeting IκBα polyubiquitination.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of traveler's diarrhea and children's diarrhea worldwide. Among its virulence factors, ETEC produces heat-labile enterotoxin (LT). Most secreted LT is associated with outer membrane vesicles that are rich in lipopolysaccharide. The majority of prior studies have focused on soluble LT purified from ETEC periplasm. We investigated the hypothesis that the extracellular vesicle context of toxin presentation might be important in eliciting immune responses. We compared the polarized epithelial cell responses to apically applied soluble LT and LT-containing vesicles (LT(+) vesicles) as well as controls using a catalytically inactive mutant of LT and vesicles lacking LT. Although vesicle treatments with no or catalytically inactive LT induced a modest amount of interleukin-6 (IL-6), samples containing catalytically active LT elicited higher levels. A combination of soluble LT and LT-deficient vesicles induced significantly higher IL-6 levels than either LT or LT(+) vesicles alone. The responses to LT(+) vesicles were found to be independent of the canonical LT pathway, because the inhibition of cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation did not lead to a decrease in cytokine gene expression levels. Furthermore, soluble LT caused earlier phosphorylation of CREB and activation of CRE compared with LT(+) vesicles. Soluble LT also led to the activation of activator protein 1, whereas LT(+) vesicle IL-6 responses appeared to be mediated by NF-κB. In summary, the results demonstrate that soluble LT and vesicle-bound LT elicit ultimately similar cytokine responses through distinct different activation pathways.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.