ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology2011
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate reduces myonuclear apoptosis during recovery from hind limb suspension-induced muscle fiber atrophy in aged rats.
Article in American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Strategies to Reduce Organic Muscle Atrophy in the Intensive Care Unit (STROMA-ICU)
Human Metabolism of HMB
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ergogenic Benefits of β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl Butyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Body Composition and Muscle Strength: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on muscle mass, function, and other outcomes in patients with cancer: a systematic review.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022Pooled it
- Small-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore the Impact of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Plus Vitamin DNutrients · 2022Trial
- Countering disuse atrophy in older adults with low-volume leucine supplementation.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2020Trial
- Resveratrol Enhances Exercise-Induced Cellular and Functional Adaptations of Skeletal Muscle in Older Men and Women.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2017Trial
- Effects of 6-month supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, glutamine and arginine on vascular endothelial function of older adults.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Trial
- The efficacy of a β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation on physical capacity, body composition and biochemical markers in elite rowers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2015Trial
- Proteomic Profile of Skeletal Muscles and Liver in a Dexamethasone-Induced Atrophy Model: Insights into the Role of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate on Contractile and Metabolic Protein.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Article
- Correlation between oxidative stress and inflammation with metabolomics profile in skeletal muscle of ageing animal model and its modulation by tocotrienol-rich fraction.British journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- Potential effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and exercise on brain aging and age-related disorders: implications for immunometabolic regulation and muscle-brain-immune crosstalk.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Enhancing effects of diphenyl diselenide and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate combined with exercise on neuroprotection, memory, mitochondrial function, muscle function, and inflammation regulation in older adults and age-related diseases.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB).Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Review
- Therapeutic ultrasound and passive mobilisation improve motor function and reduce inflammation in skeletal muscle of immobilised Wistar rats.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Article
- Musculo-Immuno-Nutritional Score as a Prognostic Marker in Patients with Interstitial Pneumonia Awaiting Lung Transplantation.Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia · 2025Article
- Muscle loss in cancer cachexia: what is the basis for nutritional support?Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Does β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Have Any Potential to Support the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Humans and Animals?Biomedicines · 2023Review
- The Role of Mitochondria in Mediation of Skeletal Muscle Repair.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Age-Related Dysfunction in Proteostasis and Cellular Quality Control in the Development of Sarcopenia.Cells · 2023Review
- Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Principal Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks for the Study of the Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Articular Cartilage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite shown to reduce protein catabolism in disease states and promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to loading exercise. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of HMB to reduce muscle wasting and promote muscle recovery following disuse in aged animals. Fisher 344×Brown Norway rats, 34 mo of age, were randomly assigned to receive either Ca-HMB (340 mg/kg body wt) or the water vehicle by gavage (n = 32/group). The animals received either 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS, n = 8/diet group) or 14 days of unloading followed by 14 days of reloading (R; n = 8/diet group). Nonsuspended control animals were compared with suspended animals after 14 days of HS (n = 8) or after R (n = 8). HMB treatment prevented the decline in maximal in vivo isometric force output after 2 wk of recovery from hindlimb unloading. The HMB-treated animals had significantly greater plantaris and soleus fiber cross-sectional area compared with the vehicle-treated animals. HMB decreased the amount of TUNEL-positive nuclei in reloaded plantaris muscles (5.1% vs. 1.6%, P < 0.05) and soleus muscles (3.9% vs. 1.8%, P < 0.05). Although HMB did not significantly alter Bcl-2 protein abundance compared with vehicle treatment, HMB decreased Bax protein abundance following R, by 40% and 14% (P < 0.05) in plantaris and soleus muscles, respectively. Cleaved caspase-3 was reduced by 12% and 9% (P < 0.05) in HMB-treated reloaded plantaris and soleus muscles, compared with vehicle-treated animals. HMB reduced cleaved caspase-9 by 14% and 30% (P < 0.05) in reloaded plantaris and soleus muscles, respectively, compared with vehicle-treated animals. Although, HMB was unable to prevent unloading-induced atrophy, it attenuated the decrease in fiber area in fast and slow muscles after HS and R. HMB's ability to protect against muscle loss may be due in part to putative inhibition of myonuclear apoptosis via regulation of mitochondrial-associated caspase signaling.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.