ReviewThe American Journal of dermatopathology2011
The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Review in The American Journal of dermatopathology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-10 and IL-17 as Progression Markers of Syphilis in People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review.Biomolecules · 2022Pooled it
- Neuroanatomy education through the years: Revisiting the teaching slides used by Sir Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Vascularized Iris Mass as Sentinel Manifestation of Syphilis in Patient with HIV Infection, Spain, 2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Speedy Spirochetes: An Unusually Rapid Progression of Multisystem Manifestations of Syphilis.Cureus · 2026Article
- Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Syphilis.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Case report: thoracic syphilitic gumma masquerading as a malignant tumor in a patient with AIDS.AIDS research and therapy · 2026Article
- Secondary Syphilis With Concomitant Bullous Pemphigoid: A Case Report.Case reports in dermatological medicine · 2026Article
- Protective immunity induced by Tp0136 epitope vaccines with mRNA LNP or protein delivery.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Syphilis Pathogenesis: Host Immune Response vs Pathogen Immune Evasion.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Human Papillomavirus in the Neovagina of Transgender Women in Thailand: Prevalence, Diversity, and Associated Risk Factors.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Type 2 Diabetes Impacts the Efficacy of Syphilis Treatment and is a Risk Factor for Late Syphilis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2025Article
- Tabes dorsalis: a rare presentation of neurosyphilis in Western Europe.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- Time-course transcriptomics reveals the impact ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Research Advances in Clinical Strategies and Preclinical Models for Syphilis Relapse.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Article
- Characterizing the immune infiltrate in secondary syphilis: implications for transmission and pathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Antibodies directed against extracellular loops of FadL orthologs disrupt outer membrane integrity and neutralize infectivity ofFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Syphilis vaccine development: Aligning vaccine design with manufacturing requirements.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Syphilis has plagued mankind for centuries and is currently resurgent in the Western hemisphere. Although there has been a significant reduction of tertiary disease and recognition of facilitative interactions with human immunodeficiency virus infection, the natural history of syphilis has remained largely unchanged; thus, new strategies are required to more effectively combat this pathogen. The immunopathologic features of experimental syphilis in the rabbit; the course, stages, and pathology of human syphilis; and a comparison of human syphilis with leprosy suggest that the clinical course of syphilis and its tissue manifestations are determined by the balance between delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and humoral immunity to the causative agent, Treponema pallidum. A strong DTH response is associated with clearance of the infecting organisms in a well-developed chancre, whereas a cytotoxic T-cell response or strong humoral antibody response is associated with prolonged infection and progression to tertiary disease. Many of the protean symptoms/appearances of secondary and tertiary human syphilis are manifestations of immune reactions that fail to clear the organism, due to a lack of recruitment and, more importantly, activation of macrophages by sensitized CD4 T cells. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination can enhance DTH and has been shown to produce a low, but measurable, beneficial effect in the prevention of leprosy, a disease that shows a disease spectrum with characteristics in common with syphilis. In the prevention of syphilis, a potential vaccine protective against syphilis should be designed to augment the DTH response.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.