ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2011
What is causing active trachoma? The role of nonchlamydial bacterial pathogens in a low prevalence setting.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Blinding Trachoma: Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors for Progressive Disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Community-level chlamydial serology for assessing trachoma elimination in trachoma-endemic Niger.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Trial
- Association between ocular bacterial carriage and follicular trachoma following mass azithromycin distribution in The Gambia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2013Trial
- Mass treatment with azithromycin for trachoma: when is one round enough? Results from the PRET Trial in the Gambia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2013Trial
- Discrepancy Between Active Trachoma and Tests of Chlamydial Infection in Alto Amazonas, Peru.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Corneal pannus, Herbert's pits and conjunctival inflammation in older children in Papua New Guinea.Ophthalmic epidemiology · 2024Article
- Longitudinal changes in tear cytokines and antimicrobial proteins in trachomatous disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Using model-based geostatistics for assessing the elimination of trachoma.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Clinical signs of trachoma and laboratory evidence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a remote Queensland community: a serial cross-sectional study.The Medical journal of Australia · 2022Article
- Associated factors of the co-occurrence of trachoma and soil-transmitted helminthiases in children 1 to 9 years old in rural communities of the Amazon basin in Loreto Department, Peru: Results from a population-based survey.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Genomics of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis After 5 Years of SAFE Interventions for Trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- The conjunctival microbiome before and after azithromycin mass drug administration for trachoma control in a cohort of Tanzanian children.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Surveillance for peri-elimination trachoma recrudescence: Exploratory studies in Ghana.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, anti-Pgp3 antibodies and conjunctival scarring in Vanuatu and Tarawa, Kiribati before antibiotic treatment for trachoma.The Journal of infection · 2020Article
- Immunopathogenesis of Progressive Scarring Trachoma: Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study in Tanzanian Children.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Unimproved water sources and open defecation are associated with active trachoma in children in internally displaced persons camps in the Darfur States of Sudan.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2019Article
- Pgp3 seroprevalence and associations with active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Malawi: cross-sectional surveys in six evaluation units.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Progression of scarring trachoma in Tanzanian children: A four-year cohort study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Conjunctival Microbiome-Host Responses Are Associated With Impaired Epithelial Cell Health in Both Early and Late Stages of Trachoma.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIn low prevalence settings, clinically active follicular trachoma (TF) is often found in the absence of detectable Chlamydia trachomatis. The reasons for this persistent follicular phenotype are not well understood; one possible explanation is that other bacterial species are provoking the inflammatory response. This study investigated the relationship between TF, C. trachomatis, and nonchlamydial bacterial infection.
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in a trachoma endemic village in Tanzania. All available children were examined for trachoma and swabs were collected for microbiologic culture (blood and chocolate agar) and C. trachomatis PCR (Amplicor).
resultsFour hundred seventy-three children under 10 years of age were recruited for this study. The prevalences of TF and C. trachomatis were 13.7% and 5.3%, respectively, and were not associated. Bacteria were cultured from 305 (64.5%) swab samples; 162 (34.3%) grew a pathogen (with or without a commensal organism) and 143 (30.2%) grew commensal bacteria only. The most common pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (type B and non-type B). The presence of bacterial pathogens was associated with TF (odds ratio, 4.68; 95% confidence interval, 2.31-9.50; P < 0.001).
conclusionsIn regions with low levels of endemic trachoma, it is possible that much of the TF that is observed is attributable to nonchlamydial bacterial pathogens. It is plausible that individuals who have previously developed a follicular conjunctivitis in response to C. trachomatis may more readily reform conjunctival follicles when challenged with certain other bacterial species.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.