Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21691152›Full record

ArticleRNA biology

Global assessment of GU-rich regulatory content and function in the human transcriptome.

Anason S Halees, Edward Hitti, Maher Al-Saif, Linah Mahmoud, Irina A Vlasova-St Louis, Daniel J Beisang, Paul R Bohjanen, Khalid Khabar

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in RNA biology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed
1.7field-weighted citation impact, top 16% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. ncRNA Editing: Functional Characterization and Computational Resources.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Hallmarks of cancer and AU-rich elements.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA · 2017
    Review
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Anason S HaleesThe BioMolecular Research Program at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Edward Hitti
Maher Al-Saif
Linah Mahmoud
Irina A Vlasova-St Louis
Daniel J Beisang
Paul R Bohjanen
Khalid Khabar
University of Minnesota · USKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre · SA

Funding

Novel Regulators of T Cell mRNA DecayR01AI072068 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI BOHJANEN, PAUL R · 2008 to 2011
$1.3M
Outcomes of Cryptococcal Meningitis in UgandaK24AI096925 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI BOHJANEN, PAUL R · 2011 to 2015
$1.0M
NIAID NIH HHS K24 AI096925NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI072068
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Unlike AU-rich elements (AREs) that are largely present in the 3'UTRs of many unstable mammalian mRNAs, the function and abundance of GU-rich elements (GREs) are poorly understood. We performed a genome-wide analysis and found that at least 5% of human genes contain GREs in their 3'UTRs with functional over-representation in genes involved in transcription, nucleic acid metabolism, developmental processes, and neurogenesis. GREs have similar sequence clustering patterns with AREs such as overlapping GUUUG pentamers and enrichment in 3'UTRs. Functional analysis using T-cell mRNA expression microarray data confirms correlation with mRNA destabilization. Reporter assays show that compared to AREs the ability of GREs to destabilize mRNA is modest and does not increase with the increasing number of overlapping pentamers. Naturally occurring GREs within U-rich contexts were more potent in destabilizing GFP reporter mRNAs than synthetic GREs with perfectly overlapping pentamers. Overall, we find that GREs bear a resemblance to AREs in sequence patterns but they regulate a different repertoire of genes and have different dynamics of mRNA decay. A dedicated resource on all GRE-containing genes of the human, mouse and rat genomes can be found at brp.kfshrc.edu.sa/GredOrg.

Indexed as

3' Untranslated RegionsGene Expression RegulationGenome, HumanTranscriptomeBase SequenceCell LineGuanineHEK293 CellsHumansRNA, MessengerUracil3' Untranslated RegionsGuanineRNA, MessengerUracil

Identifiers

PMID21691152
PMCPMC3225982
OpenAlexW2027424106

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.