ArticleBlood2011
Human memory B cells originate from three distinct germinal center-dependent and -independent maturation pathways.
Article in Blood, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 208 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
208 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- B-Cell Immunophenotyping to Predict Vaccination Outcome in the Immunocompromised - A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Repertoire Sequencing of B Cells Elucidates the Role of UNG and Mismatch Repair Proteins in Somatic Hypermutation in Humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Pooled it
- Recognizing nodal marginal zone lymphoma: recent advances and pitfalls. A systematic review.Haematologica · 2013Pooled it
- Comparative effectiveness of two intravenous immunoglobulin products in children with Kawasaki disease, a nationwide cohort study.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Activated Peripheral Blood B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Relationship to Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment and Response: A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Effects of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor on B Cells.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Trial
- Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Pertussis in Adults After a First Acellular Booster Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Monitoring of dynamic changes in Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH)-specific B cells in KLH-vaccinated cancer patients.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- Single dose vaccination of the ASO3-adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm09 monovalent vaccine in health care workers elicits homologous and cross-reactive cellular and humoral responses to H1N1 strains.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2015Trial
- Progressive deterioration of adaptive immune repertoires in Down syndrome linked to interferon hyperactivity and lymphoid tissue disorganization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Three Doses and Six Months Later: Real-World SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children With Inborn Errors of Immunity.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Observational
- Pediatric long COVID is characterized by myeloid CCR6 suppression and immune dysregulation.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Single-cell analysis reveals multi-faceted features of B cell development, together with age-associated B cell subpopulations.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Clinical applications and challenges of CD40/CD40L signaling regulation in autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Epstein-Barr virus-infected tonsillar marginal zone B cellsJournal of virology · 2025Article
- ICAM-1 autoantibodies detected in healthy individuals and cross-react with functional epitopes.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Human interleukin-4-dependent facilitation of human IgG production in PBL-NOG-hIL-4-Tg mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Harmonisation of switched memory B cell analysis for improved CVID diagnosis and classification.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Receptor Binding Domain-Specific B Cell Memory Responses Among Individuals Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Immunomolecular and reactivity landscapes of gut IgA subclasses in homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- Common variable immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases: A 10-year single-center experience.Archives of rheumatology · 2024Article
148 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple distinct memory B-cell subsets have been identified in humans, but it remains unclear how their phenotypic diversity corresponds to the type of responses from which they originate. Especially, the contribution of germinal center-independent responses in humans remains controversial. We defined 6 memory B-cell subsets based on their antigen-experienced phenotype and differential expression of CD27 and IgH isotypes. Molecular characterization of their replication history, Ig somatic hypermutation, and class-switch profiles demonstrated their origin from 3 different pathways. CD27⁻IgG⁺ and CD27⁺IgM⁺ B cells are derived from primary germinal center reactions, and CD27⁺IgA⁺ and CD27⁺IgG⁺ B cells are from consecutive germinal center responses (pathway 1). In contrast, natural effector and CD27⁻IgA⁺ memory B cells have limited proliferation and are also present in CD40L-deficient patients, reflecting a germinal center-independent origin. Natural effector cells at least in part originate from systemic responses in the splenic marginal zone (pathway 2). CD27⁻IgA⁺ cells share low replication history and dominant Igλ and IgA2 use with gut lamina propria IgA+ B cells, suggesting their common origin from local germinal center-independent responses (pathway 3). Our findings shed light on human germinal center-dependent and -independent B-cell memory formation and provide new opportunities to study these processes in immunologic diseases.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.