ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2011
Population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in South African tuberculosis patients.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of first-line tuberculosis drug concentrations and treatment outcomes.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on the Effect of HIV Infection on the Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Tuberculosis Drugs.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2019Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol and weight banded dosing in South African adults newly diagnosed with tuberculosis and HIV.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary TB Patients in Tanzania.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Impact of nonlinear interactions of pharmacokinetics and MICs on sputum bacillary kill rates as a marker of sterilizing effect in tuberculosis.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Trial
- Ethambutol Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics From a Phase 3 Confirmatory Trial for the Treatment of Tuberculosis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- An Update on the Clinical Management of HIV and Tuberculosis Co-Infection in Pregnancy: TB Preventative Therapy, Long-Acting ARVs, and Bedaquiline-Based Regimens.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- The impact of alcohol and illicit substance use on the pharmacokinetics of first-line TB drugs.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Drug concentration at the site of disease in children with pulmonary tuberculosis.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Is Dosing of Ethambutol as Part of a Fixed-Dose Combination Product Optimal for Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients with Tuberculosis? A Population Pharmacokinetic Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Nanotechnology as a Novel Approach in Combating Microbes Providing an Alternative to Antibiotics.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics of First-line Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Malawian Patients With Tuberculosis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Drug Treatment of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Cystic Fibrosis.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2021Review
- Population Pharmacokinetics and Bayesian Dose Adjustment to Advance TDM of Anti-TB Drugs.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2021Review
- A multi-scale pipeline linking drug transcriptomics with pharmacokinetics predicts in vivo interactions of tuberculosis drugs.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Population Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antituberculosis Drugs in Vietnamese Children with Tuberculous Meningitis.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2020Article
- The gut microbiome in tuberculosis susceptibility and treatment response: guilty or not guilty?Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2020Review
- Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics of Ethambutol in Adult Patients Coinfected with Tuberculosis and HIV.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2020Observational
- Both Pharmacokinetic Variability and Granuloma Heterogeneity Impact the Ability of the First-Line Antibiotics to Sterilize Tuberculosis Granulomas.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- How long will treatment guidelines for TB continue to overlook variability in drug exposure?The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Ethambutol, one of four drugs in the first-line antitubercular regimen, is used to protect against rifampin resistance in the event of preexisting resistance to isoniazid. The population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in South African patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were characterized using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Patients from 2 centers were treated with ethambutol (800 to 1,500 mg daily) combined with standard antitubercular medication. Plasma concentrations of ethambutol were measured following multiple doses at steady state and were determined using a validated high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method. The data comprised 189 patients (54% male, 12% HIV positive) weighing 47 kg, on average (range, 29 to 86 kg), and having a mean age of 36 years (range, 16 to 72 years). The estimated creatinine clearance was 79 ml/min (range, 23 to 150 ml/min). A two-compartment model with one transit compartment prior to first-order absorption and allometric scaling by body weight on clearance and volume terms was selected. HIV infection was associated with a 15% reduction in bioavailability. Renal function was not related to ethambutol clearance in this cohort. Interoccasion variability exceeded interindividual variability for oral clearance (coefficient of variation, 36 versus 20%). Typical oral clearance in this analysis (39.9 liters/h for a 50-kg individual) was lower than that previously reported, a finding partly explained by the differences in body weight between the studied populations. In summary, a population model describing the pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in South African tuberculosis patients was developed, but additional studies are needed to characterize the effects of renal function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.