ArticleInfection and immunity2011
The poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis enhances lethal toxin activity.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Self-generated hydrogel ejects bacterial cells for localized biofilm dispersion.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Bacillus subtilis cells can escape biofilms by producing a hydrogel that ejects them.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Tailor-made poly-γ-glutamic acid for property diversity and biological function.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Infectious bacteria as biological warfare agents: mechanisms, epidemiological threats, and defense strategies.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Review
- Unveiling intraspecific diversity and evolutionary dynamics of the foodborne pathogenCurrent research in food science · 2024Article
- Protein complexes in cells by AI-assisted structural proteomics.Molecular systems biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Genetic and metabolic engineering for poly-γ-glutamic acid production: current progress, challenges, and prospects.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2022Review
- Biomedical Applications of Bacteria-Derived Polymers.Polymers · 2021Review
- A Stochastic Intracellular Model of Anthrax Infection With Spore Germination Heterogeneity.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Human Innate Immune Cells Respond Differentially to Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Polymers fromJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- Article
- TheMicrobiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Immunogenicity of anthrax recombinant peptides and killed spores in goats and protective efficacy of immune sera in A/J mouse model.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA)-Based Encapsulation of Adenovirus to Evade Neutralizing Antibodies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Validated MALDI-TOF-MS method for anthrax lethal factor provides early diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutics.Analytical biochemistry · 2018Article
- Poly-γ-glutamic acid productivity of Bacillus subtilis BsE1 has positive function in motility and biocontrol against Fusarium graminearum.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2017Article
- Revisiting the Concept of Targeting Only Bacillus anthracis Toxins as a Treatment for Anthrax.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2016Article
- Poly-γ-Glutamic Acids Contribute to Biofilm Formation and Plant Root Colonization in Selected Environmental Isolates ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The poly-γ-D-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule is one of the major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis, which causes a highly lethal infectious disease. The PGA capsule disguises B. anthracis from immune surveillance and allows its unimpeded growth in the host. The PGA capsule recently was reported to be associated with lethal toxin (LT) in the blood of experimentally infected animals (M. H. Cho, et al., Infect. Immun. 78:387-392, 2010). The effect of PGA, either alone or in combination with LT, on macrophages, which play an important role in the progression of anthrax disease, has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of PGA on LT cytotoxicity using the mouse macrophage cell line J774A.1. PGA produced a concentration-dependent enhancement of the cytotoxicity of LT on J774A.1 cells through an enhancement in the binding and accumulation of protective antigen to its receptors. The increase of LT activity was confirmed using Western blot analysis, which showed that the combination of PGA and LT produced a greater degree of degradation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases and an increased level of the activation of the proform of caspase-1 to its processed form compared to the effects of LT alone. In addition, mice that received a tail vein injection of both PGA and LT had a significantly increased rate of death compared to that of mice injected with LT alone. PGA had no effect when added to cultures or administered to mice in the absence of LT. These results emphasize the importance of PGA in the pathogenesis of anthrax infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.