ArticleHuman reproduction (Oxford, England)2011
First assessment of menstrual cycle function and reproductive endocrine status in Samoan women.
Article in Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive and metabolic hormone associations in adult Samoan males with and without obesity.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Serum anti-mullerian hormone levels and age among Samoan women.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2025Article
- Menstrual patterns and problems in association with body mass index among adolescent school girls.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2019Article
- The relationship between the duration of menstrual bleeding and obesity-related anthropometric indices in students.Journal of education and health promotion · 2019Article
- Reproductive health, obesity, and cardiometabolic risk factors among Samoan women.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2018Article
- Cut-off levels for hyperandrogenemia among Samoan women: An improved methodology for deriving normative data in an obese population.Clinical biochemistry · 2016Article
- Cardiovascular disease risk factors and DNA methylation at the LINE-1 repeat region in peripheral blood from Samoan Islanders.Epigenetics · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmerican Samoa and Samoa are now characterized by one of the world's highest levels of adult overweight and obesity. Our objective was to investigate patterns of menstrual cyclicity reported by Samoan women and examine the relationship to adiposity and select hormone levels.
methodsA cross-sectional analysis was performed among Samoan women, aged 18-39 years (n = 322), using anthropometric and biomarker measures of adiposity and reproductive health, including insulin, adiponectin, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free androgen index (FAI) and mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). Menstrual regularity was assessed from self-reported responses. Multivariable models were estimated to adjust for potential confounding of the associations between menstrual patterns and other measures.
resultsA high proportion of the women (13.7%) reported oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea (OM/AM). More than three-quarters, 80.7%, of women were either overweight or obese, using Polynesian-specific criteria, and OM/AM was significantly associated with higher BMI. Abdominal circumference and insulin levels were significantly higher, and adiponectin levels were lower, in those who reported OM/AM versus regular menstruation. The FAI was higher in women with increased BMI. MIS levels declined with age, more slowly in those reporting OM/AM.
conclusionsSelf-reported OM/AM was associated with an elevated BMI, abdominal adiposity and serum insulin, and with reduced adiponectin levels. These findings support a high rate of metabolic syndrome, and perhaps PCOS and reproductive dysfunction, among Samoan women.
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