Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2012
Tracking the performance, energetics and biomechanics of international versus national level swimmers during a competitive season.
Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- From acute responses to long-term monitoring: a scoping review of the reliability and validity of biomechanical and physiological assessment tools in elite and highly trained swimmers.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Chronic Physiological Effects of Swim Training Interventions in Non-Elite Swimmers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Pooled it
- Longitudinal monitoring of load-velocity variables in preferred-stroke and front-crawl with national and international swimmers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Changes in Young Swimmers' In-Water Force, Performance, Kinematics, and Anthropometrics over a Full Competitive Season.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Article
- Energetic and Biomechanical Contributions for Longitudinal Performance in Master Swimmers.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- Monitoring Changes Over a Training Macrocycle in Regional Age-Group Swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2019Article
- Underwater near-infrared spectroscopy can measure training adaptations in adolescent swimmers.PeerJ · 2018Article
- Physiological Adaptations to Training in Competitive Swimming: A Systematic Review.Journal of human kinetics · 2015Article
- Changes in breaststroke swimming performances in national and international athletes competing between 1994 and 2011 -a comparison with freestyle swimming performances.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2014Article
- A comparison of medley and freestyle performance for national and international swimmers between 1994 and 2011.Open access journal of sports medicine · 2013Article
- Longitudinal study in male swimmers: a hierachical modeling of energetics and biomechanical contributions for performance.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to track and compare the changes of performance, energetic and biomechanical profiles of international (Int) and national (Nat) level swimmers during a season. Ten Portuguese male swimmers (four Int and six Nat level subjects) were evaluated on three different time periods (TP(1), TP(2), TP(3)) of the 2009-2010 season. Swimming performance was assessed based on official time's lists of the 200-m freestyle event. An incremental set of 7 × 200 m swims was applied to assess the energetic and biomechanical data. Measurements were made of: (1) velocity at the 4 mmol of lactate levels (V4), stroke index at V4 (SI@V4) and propelling efficiency at V4 (η (p)@V4), as energetic estimators; (2) stroke length at V4 (SL@V4) and stroke frequency at V4 (SF@V4), as biomechanical variables. The results demonstrated no significant variations in all variables throughout the season. The inter-group comparison pointed out higher values for Int swimmers, with statistical differences for the 200 m performance in all time periods. Near values of the statistical significance were demonstrated for the SI@V4 in TP(1) and TP(3). The tracking based on K values was high only for the SI@V4. It is concluded that a high stability can be observed for elite swimmers performance, energetic and biomechanical profiles throughout a single season. Int swimmers are able to maintain a higher energetic and biomechanical capacity than Nat ones at all times. The SI@V4 may be used as an indicator of performance variation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.