Trial reportTrials2011
Intracluster correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for perinatal outcomes from five cluster-randomised controlled trials in low and middle-income countries: results and methodological implications.
Trial report in Trials, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 80 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Studying the Impact and Performance of Institutionalizing Immediate Post-partum IUD Services as a Routine Part of Antenatal Counseling and Delivery Room Services in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Tanzania
Impact and Operational Assessment of an Integrated Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Promotion Package: a Community-based Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review of community participation interventions to improve maternal health outcomes in rural South Asia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Structural heat adaptation and education in a rural setting of Pakistan: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2026Trial
- Effect of gain- versus loss-framed messages on improving newborn care practices among mothers: a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effectiveness of checklist-based box system intervention (CBBSI) versus routine care on improving utilization of antenatal care visits in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC health services research · 2022Trial
- Effectiveness of unconditional cash transfers combined with lipid-based nutrient supplement and/or behavior change communication to prevent stunting among children in Pakistan: a cluster randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Effectiveness of checklist-based box system intervention (CBBSI) versus routine care on improving postnatal care utilization in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial.Reproductive health · 2021Trial
- Partnering faith leaders with community health workers increases utilization of antenatal care and facility delivery services in Ethiopia: A cluster randomized trial.Journal of global health · 2021Trial
- Effectiveness of upgraded maternity waiting homes and local leader training on improving institutional births: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Jimma, Ethiopia.BMC public health · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Oxygen systems to improve clinical care and outcomes for children and neonates: A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial in Nigeria.PLoS medicine · 2019Trial
- Effectiveness of routine third trimester ultrasonography to reduce adverse perinatal outcomes in low risk pregnancy (the IRIS study): nationwide, pragmatic, multicentre, stepped wedge cluster randomised trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2019Trial
- Scaling Up Safer Birth Bundle Through Quality Improvement in Nepal (SUSTAIN)-a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial in public hospitals.Implementation science : IS · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Trial
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20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPublic health interventions are increasingly evaluated using cluster-randomised trials in which groups rather than individuals are allocated randomly to treatment and control arms. Outcomes for individuals within the same cluster are often more correlated than outcomes for individuals in different clusters. This needs to be taken into account in sample size estimations for planned trials, but most estimates of intracluster correlation for perinatal health outcomes come from hospital-based studies and may therefore not reflect outcomes in the community. In this study we report estimates for perinatal health outcomes from community-based trials to help researchers plan future evaluations.
methodsWe estimated the intracluster correlation and the coefficient of variation for a range of outcomes using data from five community-based cluster randomised controlled trials in three low-income countries: India, Bangladesh and Malawi. We also performed a simulation exercise to investigate the impact of cluster size and number of clusters on the reliability of estimates of the coefficient of variation for rare outcomes.
resultsEstimates of intracluster correlation for mortality outcomes were lower than those for process outcomes, with narrower confidence intervals throughout for trials with larger numbers of clusters. Estimates of intracluster correlation for maternal mortality were particularly variable with large confidence intervals. Stratified randomisation had the effect of reducing estimates of intracluster correlation. The simulation exercise showed that estimates of intracluster correlation are much less reliable for rare outcomes such as maternal mortality. The size of the cluster had a greater impact than the number of clusters on the reliability of estimates for rare outcomes.
conclusionsThe breadth of intracluster correlation estimates reported here in terms of outcomes and contexts will help researchers plan future community-based public health interventions around maternal and newborn health. Our study confirms previous work finding that estimates of intracluster correlation are associated with the prevalence of the outcome of interest, the nature of the outcome of interest (mortality or behavioural) and the size and number of clusters. Estimates of intracluster correlation for maternal mortality need to be treated with caution and a range of estimates should be used in planning future trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.