ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011
Osmotic stress triggers toxin production by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Article
- Essential components of the xanthophyll cycle differ in high and low toxin Karenia brevis.Harmful algae · 2021Article
- Differentiating Two Closely RelatedToxins · 2020Article
- Spatial variability and depuration of tetrodotoxin in the bivalveToxicon: X · 2019Article
- Brevetoxin (PbTx-2) influences the redox status and NPQ of Karenia brevis by way of thioredoxin reductase.Harmful algae · 2018Article
- Ladder-Shaped Ion Channel Ligands: Current State of Knowledge.Marine drugs · 2017Review
- De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.BMC genomics · 2014Article
- Slow science: the value of long ocean biogeochemistry records.Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences · 2014Article
- Metatranscriptome profiling of a harmful algal bloom.Harmful algae · 2014Article
- Osmotic stress does trigger brevetoxin production in the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
- Reply to Errera and Campbell: No, low salinity shock does not increase brevetoxins in Karenia brevis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
- Osmotic stress does not trigger brevetoxin production in the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
With the increase in frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide, a better understanding of the mechanisms that influence toxin production is needed. Karenia brevis, the major HAB dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico, produces potent neurotoxins, known as brevetoxins. Human health is directly impacted by blooms of K. brevis through consumption of shellfish contaminated by accumulated brevetoxins (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning) or from aerosolized brevetoxins in sea spray (reduced respiratory function); however, the reason for brevetoxin production has remained a mystery. Here we show that brevetoxin production increased dramatically in response to osmotic stress in three of the four K. brevis clones examined. By rapidly changing salinity to simulate a shift from oceanic conditions to a decreased salinity typical of coastal conditions, brevetoxin production was triggered. As a result, brevetoxin cell quota increased by >14-fold, while growth rate remained unchanged. Live images of K. brevis cells were also examined to assess changes in cell volume. In the K. brevis Wilson clone, cells responded quickly to hypoosmotic stress by increasing their brevetoxin cell quota from ∼10 to 160 pg of brevetoxin per cell, while cell volume remained stable. In contrast, the K. brevis SP1 clone, which has a consistently low brevetoxin cell quota (<1 pg per cell), was unable to balance the hypoosmotic stress, and although brevetoxin production remained low, average cell volume increased. Our findings close a critical gap in knowledge regarding mechanisms for toxin production in K. brevis by providing an explanation for toxin production in this harmful dinoflagellate.
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