ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2012
Body mass index and the incidence of influenza-associated pneumonia in a UK primary care cohort.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predisposing factors to acquisition of acute respiratory tract infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Underweight Status Amplifies Respiratory Infection Mortality in Diabetes: Findings From a Nationwide Cohort Study.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Body Size and Risk of Death During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Alaska.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Risk factors and interventions for developing recurrent pneumonia in older adults.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Obesity Paradox in Lung Diseases: What Explains It?Obesity facts · 2023Review
- Effect of Undernutrition and Obesity on Clinical Outcomes in Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia.Nutrients · 2022Review
- The impact of obesity on seasonal influenza: a single-center, retrospective study conducted in Israel.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2021Article
- Prevention and management of respiratory disease in young people with cerebral palsy: consensus statement.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2021Article
- Body mass index and severity/fatality from coronavirus disease 2019: A nationwide epidemiological study in Korea.PloS one · 2021Article
- Clinical and Radiologic Characteristics of Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Adults, South Korea.Emerging infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Diabetes and the occurrence of infection in primary care: a matched cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Predicting 2-Year Risk of Developing Pneumonia in Older Adults without Dementia.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2016Article
- Patterns of medication use and factors associated with antibiotic use among adult fever patients at Singapore primary care clinics.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2016Article
- Obesity not associated with severity among hospitalized adults with seasonal influenza virus infection.Infection · 2015Article
- Optimizing benefits of influenza virus vaccination during pregnancy: potential behavioral risk factors and interventions.Vaccine · 2014Review
- Risk of pneumonia in relation to body mass index in Australian Aboriginal people.Epidemiology and infection · 2013Article
- Epidemiology of severe influenza outcomes among adult patients with obesity in Detroit, Michigan, 2011.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2013Article
- Relationship between community prevalence of obesity and associated behavioral factors and community rates of influenza-related hospitalizations in the United States.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccumulating data suggest an association between increased BMI/obesity and morbidity in patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza. Information on metabolic status and prognosis in seasonal influenza is lacking, however.
methodsA retrospective cohort study was carried out using the UK General Practice Research Database. Patients aged ≥18 with ≥1 recorded BMI in the 12-58 kg/m(2) range between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2007, were observed for an influenza-associated pneumonia diagnosis after the date of baseline BMI, including 'influenza with pneumonia' or a diagnosis of 'pneumonia' up to 30 days after a diagnosis of 'influenza'.
resultsA total of 1,074,315 patients were included, of whom 73·2% were within the reference BMI range or overweight and 2·2% were underweight (<18·5 kg/m(2)). Pneumonia rates were 32·33-37·48/100,000 in all BMI categories except the underweight (98·29/100,000). Relative to patients with acceptable weight, those who were underweight had an increased pneumonia rate [adjusted IRR = 2·32 (95% CI 1·80-2·94)], while being overweight (BMI = 25·0-29·9 kg/m(2)) or obese (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m(2)) was associated with a decreased pneumonia rate [adjusted IRR = 0·77 (95% CI 0·68-0·86) and 0·85 (95% CI 0·73-1·00), respectively]. On the other hand, women and obese women with type 2 diabetes had increased pneumonia rates [adjusted IRR = 1·37 (95% CI 1·08-1·72) and 1·47 (95%CI 1·01-2·06), respectively].
conclusionsIn contrast to initial data from pandemic influenza, influenza pneumonia, and pneumonia following influenza were the most common in underweight persons, and an apparent decreased rate of pneumonia was noted with increasing BMI categories. Women with type 2 diabetes had increased rates of pneumonia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.