ArticleInternational archives of occupational and environmental health2012
Sampling of urinary cadmium: differences between 24-h urine and overnight spot urine sampling, and impact of adjustment for dilution.
Article in International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cadmium exposure and clinical cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2013Pooled it
- Associations of 24-h urinary excretion of heavy metals and trace elements with estimated glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Exploring the Utility of Urinary Creatinine Adjustment for KIM-1, NGAL, and Cystatin C for the Assessment of Kidney Function: Insights from the C-KidnEES Cohort.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Urinary specific gravity measures in the U.S. population: Implications for the adjustment of non-persistent chemical urinary biomarker data.Environment international · 2021Article
- Urinary cadmium and timing of menarche and pubertal development in girls.Environmental research · 2020Article
- Adjusting urinary chemical biomarkers for hydration status during pregnancy.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2018Article
- Association of arsenic with kidney function in adolescents and young adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2012.Environmental research · 2015Article
- Urinary albumin excretion in healthy adults: a cross sectional study of 24-hour versus timed overnight samples and impact of GFR and other personal characteristics.BMC nephrology · 2015Article
- Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex are not associated with urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in living kidney donors.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2014Article
- Effect of molybdenum oxide interference on urinary cadmium analyses.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2013Article
- Determinants and within-person variability of urinary cadmium concentrations among women in northern California.Environmental health perspectives · 2013Article
- Relation between dietary cadmium intake and biomarkers of cadmium exposure in premenopausal women accounting for body iron stores.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2011Article
- Challenges for environmental epidemiology research: are biomarker concentrations altered by kidney function or urine concentration adjustment?Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiologyReview
- Variability of urinary cadmium excretion in spot urine samples, first morning voids, and 24 h urine in a healthy non-smoking population: implications for study design.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiologyArticle
- Urinary trace element concentrations in environmental settings: is there a value for systematic creatinine adjustment or do we introduce a bias?Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiologyArticle
- Uranium associations with kidney outcomes vary by urine concentration adjustment method.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeUrinary cadmium (U-Cd) sampling can be done either by 24-h urine or spot urine sampling, and adjustment for dilution is usually needed. The choice of sampling period and adjustment technique could, however, potentially induce bias. The aim of the study was to compare 24-h urine and spot urine sampling and two dilution adjustment techniques, when assessing U-Cd.
methodsSeparate 24-h urine (U24) and timed overnight spot urine (UON) samples were collected from 152 healthy kidney donors. U-Cd, creatinine concentration (U-Crea) and specific gravity (SG) were analysed. Differences between U24 and UON samples were tested using paired t test, and the effect of urinary flow rate (UF) was assessed by linear regression.
resultsThe cadmium excretion rate (U-Cd/h) was lower in the UON than in U24 samples (mean 0.017 μg/h vs. 0.021 μg/h; p < 0.001). This decrease was found also for the creatinine-adjusted U-Cd (U-CdCrea) (mean 0.36 μg/gC and 0.41 μg/gC; p < 0.001). For U-Cd adjusted for specific gravity (U-CdSG), the difference was reversed, but not statistically significant. The creatinine excretion rate (U-Crea/h) decreased at low UF, especially in the UON.
conclusionsSince U-Cd/h was lower in UON than in U24 samples, the former will underestimate the true Cd excretion. This was seen for U-CdCrea but not for U-CdSG. However, it may be an advantage that the U-CdSG is similar, irrespective of sampling strategy. At low UF, U-CdCrea will be biased upwards. Whether U24 or UON samples adjusted for U-Crea or SG best reflect kidney-Cd is still unknown.
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