Trial reportCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2011
Pilot trial of interleukin-2 and zoledronic acid to augment γδ T cells as treatment for patients with refractory renal cell carcinoma.
Trial report in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- A randomized phase II trial evaluating different schedules of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer beginning androgen deprivation therapy.Clinical genitourinary cancer · 2013Trial
- Unconventional T cells in urological cancers: catch them if you can.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Multiomic profiling of responses to clinical and novel bisphosphonates reveals extraskeletal effects on ageing related signatures.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Harnessing the potential of γδ T cells through engineering and combination treatment for cancer therapies.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Expansion strategies for Vδ2 γδT cells in cancer immunotherapy: Activation, cytokines, and culture conditions.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Gamma delta T cells and their immunotherapeutic potential in cancer.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Efficacy of natural killer T and gammadelta T cells in mesothelin-targeted immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- FromFrontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- γδ T cells as critical anti-tumor immune effectors.Nature cancer · 2024Review
- Vδ2 T-cell engagers bivalent for Vδ2-TCR binding provide anti-tumor immunity and support robust Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell expansion.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Immunological effects and activity of multiple doses of zolbetuximab in combination with zoledronic acid and interleukin-2 in a phase 1 study in patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Local γδ T cells: translating promise to practice in cancer immunotherapy.British journal of cancer · 2023Review
- Exhausted intratumoral Vδ2Nature immunology · 2023Article
- Phenotypic and functional characterization of pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in pigtail macaques.iScience · 2023Article
- Review
- Non-Conventional Allogeneic Anti-BCMA Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Based Immune Cell Therapies for Multiple Myeloma Treatment.Cancers · 2023Review
- A close look at current γδ T-cell immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) induces superior anti-tumour responses by Vδ2+ T cells compared with the aminobisphosphonate drug zoledronic acid.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Article
- Bone Metastasis and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Microenvironment and Possible Clinical Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prior to the advent of VEGF-targeted therapies, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was among the few solid tumors shown to respond to cytokine-based therapies such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon alpha. Previous work has shown that aminobisphosphonates, including zoledronic acid (ZA), are capable of activating human Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells in vitro, and these cells can be further expanded with IL-2. Moreover, these Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells have cytolytic activity in vitro to multiple human tumor cell lines. In the current report, we have conducted a pilot trial in patients with metastatic RCC, evaluating different doses of ZA in combination with low-dose IL-2 to determine whether combining these agents can promote in vivo proliferation of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells and elicit an antitumor response. In 12 patients evaluated, no objective clinical responses were observed by RECIST criteria; however, two patients experienced prolonged stable disease. A modest increase in Vγ9 Vδ2 T-cell frequency could be detected by Day 8 of therapy in four of the nine patients who received at least one cycle of therapy, but not to the magnitude anticipated from preclinical models. Repeated administration of IL-2 and ZA resulted in both a diminished in vivo percentage of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells as well as impaired expansion in vitro after the first cycle of therapy. These results suggest that repeated administration of IL-2 and ZA, at the doses and schedules used in this trial, may actually inhibit the proliferative capacity of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cell in patients with metastatic RCC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.