Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21645998›Full record

ArticleSchizophrenia research2011

Are we studying and treating schizophrenia correctly?

Neal R Swerdlow

Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Schizophrenia research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02634684 (Pharmacologic Augmentation of Neurocognition and Cognitive Training in Psychosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
42citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
6.9field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02634684 phase2completednot on this mapstarted 2014, after this paper: background citation

Pharmacologic Augmentation of Neurocognition and Cognitive Training in Psychosis

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, San DiegoRan2014 to 2020Enrolled82ConditionsSchizophreniaArmsDextroamphetamine, Placebo
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Memantine effects on auditory discrimination and training in schizophrenia patients.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020
    Trial
  4. Single-Dose Memantine Improves Cortical Oscillatory Response Dynamics in Patients with Schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017
    Trial
  5. Trial
  6. Review
  7. Tics: neurological disorders determined by a deficit in sensorimotor gating processes.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Lessons learned by giving amphetamine to antipsychotic-medicated schizophrenia patients.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Memantine Effects On Sensorimotor Gating and Mismatch Negativity in Patients with Chronic Psychosis.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2016
    Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.

Neal R SwerdlowSchool of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States. nswerdlow@ucsd.edu
University of California, San Diego · US

Funding

Pharmacologic augmentation of neurocognition and cognitive training in psychosisR01MH059803 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SWERDLOW, NEAL R · 1999 to 2018
$4.5M
Genetics of individual differences in amphetamine effects on startle gatingR03DA027483 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SWERDLOW, NEAL R · 2009 to 2010
$464k
NIDA NIH HHS DA 027483NIDA NIH HHS R03 DA027483NIMH NIH HHS MH 059803NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH059803
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

New findings are rapidly revealing an increasingly detailed image of neural- and molecular-level dysfunction in schizophrenia, distributed throughout interconnected cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic circuitry. Some disturbances appear to reflect failures of early brain maturation, that become codified into dysfunctional circuit properties, resulting in a substantial loss of, or failure to develop, both cells and/or appropriate connectivity across widely dispersed brain regions. These circuit disturbances are variable across individuals with schizophrenia, perhaps reflecting the interaction of multiple different risk genes and epigenetic events. Given these complex and variable hard-wired circuit disturbances, it is worth considering how new and emerging findings can be integrated into actionable treatment models. This paper suggests that future efforts towards developing more effective therapeutic approaches for the schizophrenias should diverge from prevailing models in genetics and molecular neuroscience, and focus instead on a more practical three-part treatment strategy: 1) systematic rehabilitative psychotherapies designed to engage healthy neural systems to compensate for and replace dysfunctional higher circuit elements, used in concert with 2) medications that specifically target cognitive mechanisms engaged by these rehabilitative psychotherapies, and 3) antipsychotic medications that target nodal or convergent circuit points within the limbic-motor interface, to constrain the scope and severity of psychotic exacerbations and thereby facilitate engagement in cognitive rehabilitation. The use of targeted cognitive rehabilitative psychotherapy plus synergistic medication has both common sense and time-tested efficacy with numerous other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Indexed as

BrainSchizophrenic PsychologyAnimalsAntipsychotic AgentsCognition DisordersCognitive Behavioral TherapyEpigenomicsHumansPsychotic DisordersSchizophreniaAntipsychotic Agents

Identifiers

PMID21645998
PMCPMC3139794
OpenAlexW2080380962

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.