ArticleThe American journal of pathology2011
Noninvasive imaging technologies reveal edema toxin as a key virulence factor in anthrax.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting virulence to disarm the pathogen: Enzyme-activated-substrate inhibition of Anthrax edema factor.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters · 2025Article
- Anthrax ET activates Rac1 and RTK signaling to induce F-actin reorganization and endothelial permeability.iScience · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Article
- Very Early Blood Diffusion of the Active Lethal and Edema Factors of Bacillus anthracis After Intranasal Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Rapid Discovery and Characterization of Synthetic Neutralizing Antibodies against Anthrax Edema Toxin.Biochemistry · 2019Article
- In vivo dynamics of active edema and lethal factors during anthrax.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin.Toxins · 2016Review
- Micropatterned macrophage analysis reveals global cytoskeleton constraints induced by Bacillus anthracis edema toxin.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- Capsules, toxins and AtxA as virulence factors of emerging Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- In Silico Genomic Fingerprints of the Bacillus anthracis Group Obtained by Virtual Hybridization.Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Article
- Crossing of the epithelial barriers by Bacillus anthracis: the Known and the Unknown.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Review
- Review
- Cationic PAMAM dendrimers as pore-blocking binary toxin inhibitors.Biomacromolecules · 2014Article
- Anthrax lethal and edema toxins in anthrax pathogenesis.Trends in microbiology · 2014Review
- Designing inhibitors of anthrax toxin.Expert opinion on drug discovery · 2014Review
- Two-photon intravital imaging of lungs during anthrax infection reveals long-lasting macrophage-dendritic cell contacts.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- The impact of "omic" and imaging technologies on assessing the host immune response to biodefence agents.Journal of immunology research · 2014Review
- In trans complementation of lethal factor reveal roles in colonization and dissemination in a murine mouse model.PloS one · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Powerful noninvasive imaging technologies enable real-time tracking of pathogen-host interactions in vivo, giving access to previously elusive events. We visualized the interactions between wild-type Bacillus anthracis and its host during a spore infection through bioluminescence imaging coupled with histology. We show that edema toxin plays a central role in virulence in guinea pigs and during inhalational infection in mice. Edema toxin (ET), but not lethal toxin (LT), markedly modified the patterns of bacterial dissemination leading, to apparent direct dissemination to the spleen and provoking apoptosis of lymphoid cells. Each toxin alone provoked particular histological lesions in the spleen. When ET and LT are produced together during infection, a specific temporal pattern of lesion developed, with early lesions typical of LT, followed at a later stage by lesions typical of ET. Our study provides new insights into the complex spatial and temporal effects of B. anthracis toxins in the infected host, suggesting a greater role than previously suspected for ET in anthrax and suggesting that therapeutic targeting of ET contributes to protection.
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