ArticleThe American journal of pathology2011
Pathogenesis of Influenza A/H5N1 virus infection in ferrets differs between intranasal and intratracheal routes of inoculation.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of the Neuropathologic Findings of Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction: Implications and Novel Insight for the COVID-19 Pandemic.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2021Pooled it
- Intranasal infection of Rift Valley fever virus in the ferret model suggests multiple routes of neuroinvasion with consequential encephalitis and ophthalmitis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis and Research Models of Acute Influenza-Associated Encephalitis/Encephalopathy: An Update.Viruses · 2026Review
- Fatal H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza with Retrograde Neuroinvasion in a Free-Ranging Leopard Cat (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Pathology and virology of natural high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) Gs/GD genotype BB virus infection in wild black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus).Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Subclade 2.3.4.4b Isolated from a European Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) Is Highly Virulent in Ferrets.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Attachment Patterns of Avian Influenza H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Respiratory Tracts of Marine Mammals, North Atlantic Ocean.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Predictive models of influenza A virus lethal disease yield insights from ferret respiratory tract and brain tissues.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparative pathogenicity of influenza virus-induced pneumonia mouse model following intranasal and aerosolized intratracheal inoculation.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Cats in Mice and Ferrets, South Korea, 2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Symptom propagation in respiratory pathogens of public health concern: a review of the evidence.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024Review
- Article
- Care, management, and use of ferrets in biomedical research.Laboratory animal research · 2024Review
- Exploring associations between viral titer measurements and disease outcomes in ferrets inoculated with 125 contemporary influenza A viruses.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The neuropathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in mammalian species including humans.Trends in neurosciences · 2023Review
- Evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus in the central nervous system of ferrets.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Influenza A virus infection and pathology in nasal and periocular tissues after ocular inoculation in ferrets.Veterinary pathology · 2022Article
- Characteristics of animal models for COVID-19.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2022Review
- Robustness of the Ferret Model for Influenza Risk Assessment Studies: a Cross-Laboratory Exercise.mBio · 2022Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most patients infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus develop severe pneumonia resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome, with extrarespiratory disease as an uncommon complication. Intranasal inoculation of ferrets with influenza A/H5N1 virus causes lesions in both the respiratory tract and extrarespiratory organs (primarily brain). However, the route of spread to extrarespiratory organs and the relative contribution of extrarespiratory disease to pathogenicity are largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized lesions in the respiratory tract and central nervous system (CNS) of ferrets (n = 8) inoculated intranasally with influenza virus A/Indonesia/5/2005 (H5N1). By 7 days after inoculation, only 3 of 8 ferrets had a mild or moderate bronchointerstitial pneumonia. In contrast, all 8 ferrets had moderate or severe CNS lesions, characterized by meningoencephalitis, choroiditis, and ependymitis, and centered on tissues adjoining the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings indicate that influenza A/H5N1 virus spread directly from nasal cavity to brain, and that CNS lesions contributed more than pulmonary lesions to the pathogenicity of influenza A/H5N1 virus infection in ferrets. In comparison, intratracheal inoculation of ferrets with the same virus reproducibly caused severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. The method of virus inoculation requires careful consideration in the design of ferret experiments as a model for influenza A/H5N1 in humans.
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