ArticleAddictive behaviors2011
Development and validation of the appearance and performance enhancing drug use schedule.
Article in Addictive behaviors, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2019Pooled it
- Health service engagement, side effects and concerns among men with anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a cross-sectional Norwegian study.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia among gender minority people.The International journal of eating disorders · 2022Article
- Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS): Lifetime use and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among cisgender sexual minority people.Eating behaviors · 2022Article
- Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in the United Kingdom: An update.British journal of pharmacology · 2020Review
- Conformity to masculine norms and symptom severity among men diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia vs. body dysmorphic disorder.PloS one · 2020Article
- Female Body Dissatisfaction and Attentional Bias to Body Images Evaluated Using Visual Search.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Defining the Construct of Synthetic Androgen Intoxication: An Application of General Brain Arousal.Frontiers in psychology · 2018Article
- Understanding Appearance-Enhancing Drug Use in Sport Using an Enactive Approach to Body Image.Frontiers in psychology · 2017Article
- The influence of age of onset and acute anabolic steroid exposure on cognitive performance, impulsivity, and aggression in men.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2014Article
- Exercise reinforcement, stress, and β-endorphins: an initial examination of exercise in anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2014Article
- Illicit use of androgens and other hormones: recent advances.Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Appearance-and-performance enhancing drug (APED) use is a form of drug use that includes use of a wide range of substances such as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) and associated behaviors including intense exercise and dietary control. To date, there are no reliable or valid measures of the core features of APED use. The present study describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drug Use Schedule (APEDUS) which is a semi-structured interview designed to assess the spectrum of drug use and related features of APED use. Eighty-five current APED using men and women (having used an illicit APED in the past year and planning to use an illicit APED in the future) completed the APEDUS and measures of convergent and divergent validity. Inter-rater agreement, scale reliability, one-week test-retest reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and construct validity were evaluated for each of the APEDUS scales. The APEDUS is a modular interview with 10 sections designed to assess the core drug and non-drug phenomena associated with APED use. All scales and individual items demonstrated high inter-rater agreement and reliability. Individual scales significantly correlated with convergent measures (DSM-IV diagnoses, aggression, impulsivity, eating disorder pathology) and were uncorrelated with a measure of social desirability. APEDUS subscale scores were also accurate measures of AAS dependence. The APEDUS is a reliable and valid measure of APED phenomena and an accurate measure of the core pathology associated with APED use. Issues with assessing APED use are considered and future research is considered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.