ArticlePloS one2011
Risk factors for hospitalized seasonal influenza in rural western Kenya.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Influenza and tuberculosis co-infection: A systematic review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2020Pooled it
- Potential Impact of Co-Infections and Co-Morbidities Prevalent in Africa on Influenza Severity and Frequency: A Systematic Review.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Review
- Epidemiological patterns of influenza viruses among severe acute respiratory infection patients in Burkina Faso, 2016-2019: a surveillance study.The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- Unmasking the hidden impact of viruses on tuberculosis risk.Trends in immunology · 2024Review
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- The first epidemiological and virological influenza surveillance in the Republic of Guinea revealed the predominance of influenza A/H3N2 and B Victoria viruses.Epidemiology and infection · 2021Article
- Serologic evidence of seasonal influenza A and B in HIV patients on combined antiretroviral therapy in Lagos, Nigeria.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2020Article
- Article
- Hospitalization and death among patients with influenza, Guatemala, 2008-2012.BMC public health · 2019Article
- The Impact of Influenza and Tuberculosis Interaction on Mortality Among Individuals Aged ≥15 Years Hospitalized With Severe Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2010-2016.Open forum infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Risk Factors for Influenza Infection and Clinical Severity among Adults in Malawi, 2011-2013.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Article
- The effects of the attributable fraction and the duration of symptoms on burden estimates of influenza-associated respiratory illnesses in a high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa, 2013-2015.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2018Article
- Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on the Burden and Severity of Influenza Illness in Malawian Adults: A Prospective Cohort and Parallel Case-Control Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Article
- Epidemiology of influenza in West Africa after the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, 2010-2012.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Article
- Case-ascertained study of household transmission of seasonal influenza - South Africa, 2013.The Journal of infection · 2015Article
- Mortality Associated With Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women of Childbearing Age in a High-HIV-Prevalence Setting-South Africa, 1999-2009.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2015Article
- Study protocol: the effects of air pollution exposure and chronic respiratory disease on pneumonia risk in urban Malawian adults--the Acute Infection of the Respiratory Tract Study (The AIR Study).BMC pulmonary medicine · 2015Article
- Deaths associated with respiratory syncytial and influenza viruses among persons ≥5 years of age in HIV-prevalent area, South Africa, 1998-2009(1).Emerging infectious diseases · 2015Article
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Abstract
backgroundRisk factors for influenza hospitalization in Africa are unknown, including the role of HIV.
methodsWe conducted a case-control study of risk factors for hospitalized seasonal influenza among persons in rural western Kenya, a high HIV prevalence area, from March 2006-August 2008. Eligible cases were ≥five years old, admitted to health facilities with respiratory symptoms, and had nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab specimens that tested positive for influenza A or B by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Three randomly selected age-, sex- and neighborhood-matched controls were enrolled per case. A structured questionnaire was administered and home-based HIV testing was performed. Risk factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression.
resultsA total of 64 cases (38 with influenza A and 26 with influenza B) and 190 controls were enrolled. The median age was 16 years (range 5-69 years). Among cases, 24.5% were HIV-infected versus 12.5% of controls (p = 0.004). Among persons ≥18 years old, 13 (59%) of 22 tested cases were HIV-positive compared with 15 (24%) of 62 tested controls (p = 0.005). In multivariable analysis, HIV-infection was associated with hospitalization due to influenza [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 3.56, 95% CI 1.25-10.1]. The mean CD4 count among HIV-infected cases and controls was similar (399 vs. 387, respectively, p = 0.89). Chronic lung disease (aOR 6.83, 95% CI 1.37-34.0) was also associated with influenza hospitalization in multivariable analysis. Active pulmonary tuberculosis was associated with influenza hospitalization in bivariate, but not multivariable, analysis.
conclusionsPeople with HIV infection and chronic lung disease were at increased risk of hospitalized influenza in rural Kenya. HIV infection is common in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Influenza vaccine might prevent severe influenza in these risk groups.
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