ArticlePloS one2011
New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and development.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Establishment of a transgenic protocol inZoological research · 2026Article
- The evolutionary origins of synaptic proteins and their changing roles in different organisms across evolution.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Identification of an innexin required for termination of the asexual state in planarian reproductive switching.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- A key role for centralspindlin and Ect2 in the development of multicellularity and the emergence of Metazoa.Current biology : CB · 2025Article
- Tolerance of Placozoa for temperate climates: Evidence for known and new placozoan clades in the southern waters of Australia.PloS one · 2025Article
- Beauty in the beast - Placozoan biodiversity explored through molluscan predator genomics.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- The placozoan Trichoplax.Nature methods · 2024Article
- Long-Term Culturing of Placozoans (Trichoplax and Hoilungia).Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Long-term dynamics of placozoan culture: emerging models for population and space biology.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- Brief History of Placozoa.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Review
- Expanding of Life Strategies in Placozoa: Insights From Long-Term Culturing ofFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Article
- Upregulation of DNA repair genes and cell extrusion underpin the remarkable radiation resistance of Trichoplax adhaerens.PLoS biology · 2021Article
- Hidden cell diversity in Placozoa: ultrastructural insights from Hoilungia hongkongensis.Cell and tissue research · 2021Article
- The Molecular Machinery of Gametogenesis in Geodia Demosponges (Porifera): Evolutionary Origins of a Conserved Toolkit across Animals.Molecular biology and evolution · 2020Article
- Genome analyses of a placozoan rickettsial endosymbiont show a combination of mutualistic and parasitic traits.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- A non-bilaterian perspective on the development and evolution of animal digestive systems.Cell and tissue research · 2019Review
- Two intracellular and cell type-specific bacterial symbionts in the placozoan Trichoplax H2.Nature microbiology · 2019Article
- "Dorsal-Ventral" Genes Are Part of an Ancient Axial Patterning System: Evidence from Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa).Molecular biology and evolution · 2019Article
- Taxon-specific expansion and loss of tektins inform metazoan ciliary diversity.BMC evolutionary biology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Unraveling animal life cycles and embryonic development is basic to understanding animal biology and often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships. A key group for understanding the evolution of the Metazoa is the early branching phylum Placozoa, which has attracted rapidly increasing attention. Despite over a hundred years of placozoan research the life cycle of this enigmatic phylum remains unknown. Placozoa are a unique model system for which the nuclear genome was published before the basic biology (i.e. life cycle and development) has been unraveled. Four organismal studies have reported the development of oocytes and one genetic study has nourished the hypothesis of sexual reproduction in natural populations at least in the past. Here we report new observations on sexual reproduction and embryonic development in the Placozoa and support the hypothesis of current sexual reproduction. The regular observation of oocytes and expressed sperm markers provide support that placozoans reproduce sexually in the field. Using whole genome and EST sequences and additional cDNA cloning we identified five conserved sperm markers, characteristic for different stages in spermatogenesis. We also report details on the embryonic development up to a 128-cell stage and new ultrastructural features occurring during early development. These results suggest that sperm and oocyte generation and maturation occur in different placozoans and that clonal lineages reproduce bisexually in addition to the standard mode of vegetative reproduction. The sum of observations is best congruent with the hypothesis of a simple life cycle with an alternation of reproductive modes between bisexual and vegetative reproduction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.