ReviewHuman genetics2011
Genes that escape from X inactivation.
Review in Human genetics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 222 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
222 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 390 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually Dimorphic Neuroimmune Pathways in Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.Biomolecules · 2026Pooled it
- Oestrogen modulates stress-induced vagally-dependent gastric responses to oxytocin.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Deep learning enabled prediction of nuclear lamina-associated chromatin.Patterns (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Synaptic, cellular, and circuit mechanisms underlying sex differences in behaviors.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Escape from X inactivation drives sex differences in gene expression.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Lung Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Dynamic allele usage of X-linked genes ameliorates neurodevelopmental disease phenotypes in brain organoids.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The role of m6A RNA methylation in the maintenance of X chromosome inactivation and X-to-autosome dosage compensation in early embryonic lineages.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Sex and All-Cause Mortality in the US, 1999 to 2019.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Escape from X inactivation is directly modulated by Xist noncoding RNA.Nature cell biology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in endothelial cell biology: cellular phenotypes and molecular regulators.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- X chromosome inactivation, X-linked disorders, and cancer.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- Genomic Instability and Clonal Hematopoiesis in the Deep-Space Environment: The Role of Sex-Chromosome Asymmetry and High-LET Radiation.Current stem cell reports · 2026Article
- X chromosome inactivation across primary human tissues is mostly complete, with significant implications for genetic and clinical studies.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- A human induced pluripotent stem cell toolbox for studying sex chromosome effects.Stem cell reports · 2025Article
- Escape of Kdm6a from X Chromosome Is Detrimental to Ischemic Brains via IRF5 Signaling.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- Exogenous estrogen enhances T cell activation in male primates.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Sex-biased transcriptome in in vitro produced bovine early embryos.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- Healthy human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes exhibit sex dimorphism even without the addition of hormones.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2025Article
162 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To achieve a balanced gene expression dosage between males (XY) and females (XX), mammals have evolved a compensatory mechanism to randomly inactivate one of the female X chromosomes. Despite this chromosome-wide silencing, a number of genes escape X inactivation: in women about 15% of X-linked genes are bi-allelically expressed and in mice, about 3%. Expression from the inactive X allele varies from a few percent of that from the active allele to near equal expression. While most genes have a stable inactivation pattern, a subset of genes exhibit tissue-specific differences in escape from X inactivation. Escape genes appear to be protected from the repressive chromatin modifications associated with X inactivation. Differences in the identity and distribution of escape genes between species and tissues suggest a role for these genes in the evolution of sex differences in specific phenotypes. The higher expression of escape genes in females than in males implies that they may have female-specific roles and may be responsible for some of the phenotypes observed in X aneuploidy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.