Trial reportNeuron2011
Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models.
Trial report in Neuron, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05229185 (Error-enhancement as Basis for Novel Upper Limb Rehabilitation in the Chronic Phase After Stroke), which is not on this map. Cited by 264 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Error-enhancement as Basis for Novel Upper Limb Rehabilitation in the Chronic Phase After Stroke: a 5-day Pre-post Intervention Study.
Who cites it
264 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Motor Memory Consolidation Deficits in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2023Pooled it
- Variant Target Effects on Motor Learning With M1 Anodal tDCS.Brain and behavior · 2025Trial
- Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills.Nature human behaviour · 2024Trial
- The decay and consolidation of effector-independent motor memories.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Effectiveness of robotic balance training on postural instability in patients with mild Parkinson's disease: A pilot, single blind, randomized controlled trial.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2021Trial
- Robot Reinforcement and Error-Based Movement Learning in Infants With and Without Cerebral Palsy.Physical therapy · 2019Trial
- Practice Structure and Locomotor Learning After Stroke.Journal of neurologic physical therapy : JNPT · 2019Trial
- Accelerating locomotor savings in learning: compressing four training days to one.Journal of neurophysiology · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Probability differently modulating the effects of reward and punishment on visuomotor adaptation.Experimental brain research · 2017Trial
- Interacting Learning Processes during Skill Acquisition: Learning to control with gradually changing system dynamics.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- No Enhancement of 24-Hour Visuomotor Skill Retention by Post-Practice Caffeine Administration.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Two distinct interneuron circuits in human motor cortex are linked to different subsets of physiological and behavioral plasticity.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2014Trial
- Global spatial errors and local feature errors drive oculomotor learning.Journal of vision · 2026Article
- Instrumental-Motor Transfer: The Relative Value of Competing Movement Goals Modulates Implicit Motor Learning.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- M1 a-tDCS does not acutely enhance motor skill acquisition of a dexterous, timing-based videogame task in adults.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Revisiting the explicit-implicit additivity assumption in visuomotor adaptation.Journal of neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Advancing Stroke Recovery Through Operant Conditioning of Corticomuscular Coherence.Restorative neurology and neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
204 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although motor learning is likely to involve multiple processes, phenomena observed in error-based motor learning paradigms tend to be conceptualized in terms of only a single process: adaptation, which occurs through updating an internal model. Here we argue that fundamental phenomena like movement direction biases, savings (faster relearning), and interference do not relate to adaptation but instead are attributable to two additional learning processes that can be characterized as model-free: use-dependent plasticity and operant reinforcement. Although usually "hidden" behind adaptation, we demonstrate, with modified visuomotor rotation paradigms, that these distinct model-based and model-free processes combine to learn an error-based motor task. (1) Adaptation of an internal model channels movements toward successful error reduction in visual space. (2) Repetition of the newly adapted movement induces directional biases toward the repeated movement. (3) Operant reinforcement through association of the adapted movement with successful error reduction is responsible for savings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.