ArticleVirology journal2011
Intramuscular immunization of mice with live influenza virus is more immunogenic and offers greater protection than immunization with inactivated virus.
Article in Virology journal, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sulfur-containing class of broad-spectrum antivirals improves influenza virus vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an intranasal neuraminidase-based influenza vaccine with bacterial cell membrane-derived adjuvants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
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- Peritoneal Cells Mediate Immune Responses and Cross-Protection Against Influenza A Virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Mechanisms of lymphatic system-specific viral replication and its potential role in autoimmune disease.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Review
- Sterilizing immunity to influenza virus infection requires local antigen-specific T cell response in the lungs.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Delta inulin-derived adjuvants that elicit Th1 phenotype following vaccination reduces respiratory syncytial virus lung titers without a reduction in lung immunopathology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Article
- Article
- Diagnostic Potential of Recombinant scFv Antibodies Generated Against Hemagglutinin Protein of Influenza A Virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2015Article
- Cross reactivity of serum antibody responses elicited by DNA vaccines expressing HA antigens from H1N1 subtype influenza vaccines in the past 30 years.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2013Article
- A novel DNA vaccine expressing the Ag85A-HA2 fusion protein provides protection against influenza A virus and Staphylococcus aureus.Virology journal · 2013Article
- Molecular adjuvant Ag85A enhances protection against influenza A virus in mice following DNA vaccination.Viruses · 2012Article
- Receptor-binding domains of spike proteins of emerging or re-emerging viruses as targets for development of antiviral vaccines.Emerging microbes & infections · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInfluenza virus continues to cause significant hospitalization rates in infants and young children. A 2-dose regime of trivalent inactivated vaccine is required to generate protective levels of hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibodies. A vaccine preparation with enhanced immunogenicity is therefore desirable.
methodsMice were inoculated intramuscularly (IM) with live and inactivated preparations of A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2). Serum cytokine levels, hemagglutinin (HA)-specific antibody responses and nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+ T cell responses were compared between vaccinated groups, as well as to responses measured after intranasal infection. The protective efficacy of each vaccine type was compared by measuring virus titers in the lungs and weight loss of mice challenged intranasally with a heterosubtypic virus, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1).
resultsIntramuscular administration of live virus resulted in greater amounts of IFN-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ, HA-specific antibodies, and virus-specific CD8+ T cells, than IM immunization with inactivated virus. These increases corresponded with the live virus vaccinated group having significantly less weight loss and less virus in the lungs on day 7 following challenge with a sublethal dose of a heterosubtypic virus.
conclusionsInflammatory cytokines, antibody titers to HA and CD8+ T cell responses were greater to live than inactivated virus delivered IM. These increased responses correlated with greater protection against heterosubtypic virus challenge, suggesting that intramuscular immunization with live influenza virus may be a practical means to increase vaccine immunogenicity and to broaden protection in pediatric populations.
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