Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21589913›Full record

ArticlePloS one2011

Behavior of QQ-plots and genomic control in studies of gene-environment interaction.

Arend Voorman, Thomas Lumley, Barbara McKnight, Kenneth Rice

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
78citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

78 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  14. Robust Mixed Model Association Test for Gene-Environment Interactions.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025
    Article
  15. Genome-wide pleiotropy analysis of longitudinal blood pressure and harmonized cognitive performance measures.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Article
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18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Arend VoormanDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
Thomas Lumley
Barbara McKnight
Kenneth Rice

Funding

Pharmacogenetics and Cardiovascular EventsR01HL074745 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI PSATY, BRUCE M · 2003 to 2006
$2.8M
CARDIOVASCULAR BIOSTATISTICS TRAININGT32HL007183 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI RICE, KENNETH M. · 1985 to 2011
$1.8M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL074745NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007183NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL07183-34
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies of gene-environment interaction (GxE GWAS) are becoming popular. As with main effects GWAS, quantile-quantile plots (QQ-plots) and Genomic Control are being used to assess and correct for population substructure. However, in G x E work these approaches can be seriously misleading, as we illustrate; QQ-plots may give strong indications of substructure when absolutely none is present. Using simulation and theory, we show how and why spurious QQ-plot inflation occurs in G x E GWAS, and how this differs from main-effects analyses. We also explain how simple adjustments to standard regression-based methods used in G x E GWAS can alleviate this problem.

Indexed as

EnvironmentGenomicsGenome-Wide Association StudyHumans

Identifiers

PMID21589913
PMCPMC3093379

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.