ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2012
Cytokine production by monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells is hampered by long-term intensive training in elite swimmers.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Acute and Chronic Aerobic Exercise on Immunological Markers: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Pooled it
- An attempt to induce an immunomodulatory effect in rowers with spirulina extract.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018Trial
- Impact of intensified training and carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and markers of overreaching in highly trained cyclists.European journal of applied physiology · 2016Trial
- 12 Weeks of Combined Endurance and Resistance Training Reduces Innate Markers of Inflammation in a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.Mediators of inflammation · 2016Trial
- Regulatory mechanisms of high-polyphenol dietary intervention on exercise-induced immunosuppression during high-intensity training periods in adolescent athletes: a systems biology analysis based on immune-metabolic pathways.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Impact of a single swimming session on inflammatory response and iron homeostasis in adolescent female athletes during the luteal phase.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inflammatory markers as potential mediators on the negative association between training load and bone mineral density in adolescent competitive swimmers: ABCD-growth study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Andrological Aspects of Exercise: Moderate Swimming Protects against Isoproterenol Induced Testis and Semen Abnormalities in Rats.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Exercise in People With Cancer: A Spotlight on Energy Regulation and Cachexia.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): Shared Pathways, Symptoms and Complexities.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
- Impact of Olive Oil Supplement Intake on Dendritic Cell Maturation after Strenuous Physical Exercise: A Preliminary Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Differences in Immune Response During Competition and Preparation Phase in Elite Rowers.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Inflammation, Peripheral Signals and Redox Homeostasis in Athletes Who Practice Different Sports.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Review
- Effect of Different Exercise Loads on Testicular Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Function in Obese Male Mice.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2020Article
- The Cellular Composition of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System Is Changed in Blood in Response to Long-Term Swimming Training.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- Article
- Ultra-Endurance Associated With Moderate Exercise in Rats Induces Cerebellar Oxidative Stress and Impairs Reactive GFAP Isoform Profile.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2020Article
- Long-term swimming training modifies acute immune cell response to a high-intensity session.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Observational
- Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Immunological Parameters in the Elderly Aged: Can Physical Activity Counteract the Effects of Aging?Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Elite level athletes seem to be prone to illness especially during heavy training phases. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of long term intensive training on the functional features of innate immune cells from high competitive level swimmers, particularly the production of inflammatory mediators and the possible relationship with upper respiratory symptoms (URS) occurrence. A group of 18 swimmers and 11 healthy non athletes was studied. Peripheral blood samples were collected from athletes after 36 h of resting recovery from exercise at four times during the training season and at three times from non athletes. Samples were incubated in the presence or absence of LPS and IFN-γ and the frequency of cytokine-producing cells and the amount produced per cell were evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, plasma cortisol levels were measured and URS recorded through daily logs. The athletes, but not the controls, showed a decrease in the number of monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cell (DC) subsets and in the amount of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and MIP-1β produced after stimulation, over the training season. Differences were most noticeable between the first and second blood collections (initial increase in training volume). Athlete's cortisol plasma levels partially correlated with training intensity and could help explain the reduced in vitro cell response to stimulation. Our results support the idea that long-term intensive training may affect the function of innate immune cells, reducing their capacity to respond to acute challenges, possibly contributing to an elevated risk of infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.