Recent advances in the management of distal ulcerative colitis.

The most frequent localization of ulcerative colitis (UC) is the distal colon. In treating patients with active distal UC, efficacy and targeting of the drug to the distal colon are key priorities. Oral and rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) preparations represent the first line therapy of mild-to-moderate distal UC for both induction and maintenance treatment. It has been reported that many UC patients are not adherent to therapy and that non-compliant patients had a 5-fold risk of experiencing a relapse. These findings led to the introduction of once-daily oral regimens of 5-ASA as better therapeutic options in clinical practice due to improved adherence. New formulations of mesalazine, including the multi-matrix delivery system, and mesalazine granules, which allow once-daily administration, have been developed. They have been demonstrated to be efficacious in inducing and maintaining remission in mild-to-moderate distal UC in large clinical trials. However, existing data for distal UC are rather insufficient to make a comparison between new and classical 5-ASA formulations. It seems that the new formulations are at least as effective as classical oral 5-ASA formulations. Other treatment options, in the case that 5-ASA therapy is not effective, include systemic corticosteroids, thiopurines (azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine), cyclosporine, infliximab and surgery. The combination of a prompt diagnostic work-up, a correct therapeutic approach and an appropriate follow-up schedule is important in the management of patients with distal UC. This approach can shorten the duration of symptoms, induce a prolonged remission, improve patient's quality of life, and optimize the use of health resources.