Trial reportHealth psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association2011
Lapse-induced surges in craving influence relapse in adult smokers: an experimental investigation.
Trial report in Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the relationships between craving and smoking cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Pooled it
- Smoking cessation supported by a smartphone app: A qualitative process evaluation of the Quit Sense feasibility RCT.British journal of health psychology · 2025Trial
- More boring, more craving for smartphone use? The moderating role of fear of missing out.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2025Trial
- An Automated, Online Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial of a Just-In-Time Adaptive Intervention for Smoking Cessation (Quit Sense).Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Trial
- Lower self-efficacy and greater depressive symptoms predict greater failure to recover from a single lapse cigarette.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2020Trial
- Momentary changes in craving predict smoking lapse behavior: a laboratory study.Psychopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Does self-efficacy causally influence initial smoking cessation? An experimental study.Addictive behaviors · 2017Trial
- Decline in cue-provoked craving during cue exposure therapy for smoking cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Trial
- Dissociable effect of acute varenicline on tonic versus cue-provoked craving in non-treatment-motivated heavy smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2013Trial
- Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance craving.Addictive behaviors · 2013Trial
- Dependence and withdrawal-induced craving predict abstinence in an incentive-based model of smoking relapse.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Trial
- Experiential avoidance, distress tolerance, and substance use cravings among adults in residential treatment for substance use disorders.Journal of addictive diseasesTrial
- Exploring the nature and relationship of tobacco cigarette craving and withdrawal.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
- Efficacy of acupuncture for patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- The effectiveness of a real-world smoking cessation clinic: A prospective cohort study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Empowering change: a prospective cohort study of an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy-based outpatient intervention for substance use disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Smoking relapse and withdrawal symptoms among smokers accessing smoking cessation services provided by the primary care settings of Qatar.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- Exploring perspectives on digital smoking cessation just-in-time adaptive interventions: A focus group study with adult smokers and smoking cessation professionals.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
- Associations between compliance with very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, abstinence self-efficacy, and quit outcomes in a pilot smoking cessation trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesNearly all smokers who lapse experience a full-blown relapse, but the mediating mechanisms that contribute to this relationship are not well understood. A better understanding of these mechanisms would help to advance more effective relapse prevention treatments for smokers. The purpose of this study is to experimentally evaluate the effects of a programmed smoking lapse on smoking relapse and the effects of postlapse changes in craving on relapse.
methodAdult smokers (n = 63) who quit smoking with a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention and self-help materials were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions after 48 h of abstinence: No lapse (a no-smoking control/30-min waiting period) or lapse (smoking two cigarettes of their favored brand during a 30-min period). All participants were then followed daily for 14 days. Craving and biochemically verified self-reported abstinence were assessed on each follow-up day. Time (days) to relapse (7 consecutive days of smoking) was the main dependent measure.
resultsResults of Cox regression analysis revealed that participants in the lapse condition relapsed more quickly than participants in the no-lapse condition (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.03, 4.35]). These effects were attributable, in part, to episodic increases in craving among participants in the lapse condition only (HR = 12.42, 95% CI = [2.00, 77.1]).
conclusionsPreviously abstinent smokers who lapse are at risk for increased cigarette cravings and consequently, full-blown relapse. These results have implications for both cognitive-behavioral treatments for relapse prevention and for medications designed to help smokers manage cravings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.