ArticlePloS one2011
Screening for future cardiovascular disease using age alone compared with multiple risk factors and age.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Physical performance and glycemic control under SGLT-2-inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases or high cardiovascular risk (PUSH): Design of a 4-week prospective observational study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Association between gout and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with no history of cardiovascular disease: large data linkage study in New Zealand.BMJ medicine · 2022Article
- Prediction of first cardiovascular disease event in 2.9 million individuals using Danish administrative healthcare data: a nationwide, registry-based derivation and validation study.European heart journal open · 2021Article
- Metabolic syndrome and concomitant diabetes mellitus are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with primary glomerular diseases: A retrospective observational study.Clinical cardiology · 2020Observational
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRisk factors such as blood pressure and serum cholesterol are used, with age, in screening for future cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The value of using these risk factors with age compared with using age alone is not known. We compared screening for future CVD events using age alone with screening using age and multiple risk factors based on regular Framingham risk assessments.
methodsTen-year CVD risk was estimated using Framingham risk equations in a hypothetical sample population of 500,000 people aged 0-89 years. Risk estimates were used to identify individuals who did and did not have a CVD event over a ten-year period. For screening using age alone (age screening) and screening using multiple risk factors and age (Framingham screening) we estimated the (i) detection rate (sensitivity); (ii) false-positive rate; (iii) proportion of CVD-free years of life lost in affected individuals with positive results (person-years detection rate); and (iv) cost per CVD-free life year gained from preventive treatment.
resultsAge screening using a cut-off of 55 years detected 86% of all first CVD events arising in the population every year and 72% of CVD-free years of life lost for a 24% false-positive rate; for five yearly Framingham screening the false-positive rate was 21% for the same 86% detection rate. The estimated cost per CVD-free year of life gained was £2,000 for age screening and £2,200 for Framingham screening if a Framingham screen costs £150 and the annual cost of preventive treatment is £200.
conclusionAge screening for future CVD events is simpler than Framingham screening with a similar screening performance and cost-effectiveness. It avoids blood tests and medical examinations. The advantages of age screening in the prevention of heart attack and stroke warrant considering its use in preference to multiple risk factor screening.
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