ArticlePloS one2011
Action mechanisms of lithium chloride on cell infection by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Swine Enteric Coronaviruses: An Updated Overview of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Advances research in porcine enteric coronavirus therapies and antiviral drugs.The veterinary quarterly · 2024Review
- Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs against Coronaviruses.Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Review
- Recent clinical findings on the role of kinase inhibitors in COVID-19 management.Life sciences · 2022Review
- Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of different vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 patients.Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2022Review
- Chemical Nature of Metals and Metal-Based Materials in Inactivation of Viruses.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Lithium salts as a treatment for COVID-19: Pre-clinical outcomes.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Article
- An overview of solutions for airborne viral transmission reduction related to HVAC systems including liquid desiccant air-scrubbing.Energy (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Antiviral Effect of Lithium Chloride on Replication of Marek's Disease Virus in Chicken Embryonic Fibroblasts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Targeting the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein through GSK-3 inhibition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3: A putative target to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2021Review
- Lithium and Therapeutic Targeting of GSK-3.Cells · 2021Review
- Lithium as a candidate treatment for COVID-19: Promises and pitfalls.Drug development research · 2020Article
- Lithium chloride confers protection against viral myocarditis via suppression of coxsackievirus B3 virus replication.Microbial pathogenesis · 2020Article
- Lithium's antiviral effects: a potential drug for CoViD-19 disease?International journal of bipolar disorders · 2020Review
- Lithium and coronaviral infections. A scoping review.F1000Research · 2020Article
- Protective effects of hypericin against infectious bronchitis virus induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in chicken embryo kidney cells.Poultry science · 2019Article
- Antiviral Effect of Lithium Chloride and Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate on Porcine Deltacoronavirus In Vitro.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro.Research in veterinary science · 2018Article
- Lithium chloride inhibits early stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication in vitro.Journal of medical virology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus. Lithium chloride (LiCl) has been found to be effective against several DNA viruses, such as Herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus. Recently, we and others have reported the inhibitory effect of LiCl on avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) infection, an RNA virus. In the current study, the action mechanism of LiCl on cell infection by TGEV was investigated. Plaque assays and 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assays showed that the cell infection by TGEV was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, when LiCl was added to virus-infected cells; the cell infection was not affected when either cells or viruses were pretreated with the drug. The inhibition of TGEV infection in vitro by LiCl was observed at different virus doses and with different cell lines. The inhibitory effect of LiCl against TGEV infection and transcription was confirmed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR targeting viral S and 3CL-protease genes. The time-of-addition effect of the drug on TGEV infection indicated that LiCl acted on the initial and late stage of TGEV infection. The production of virus was not detected at 36 h post-infection due to the drug treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry analyses based on staining of Annexin V and propidium iodide staining of nuclei indicated that early and late cell apoptosis induced by TGEV was inhibited efficiently. The ability of LiCl to inhibit apoptosis was investigated by IF analysis of caspase-3 expression. Our data indicate that LiCl inhibits TGEV infection by exerting an anti-apoptotic effect. The inhibitory effect of LiCl was also observed with porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus. Together with other reports concerning the inhibitory effect of lithium salts on IBV in cell culture, our results indicate that LiCl may be a potent agent against porcine and avian coronaviruses.
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