Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21560018›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical research2011

Systems pharmacology: bridging systems biology and pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PKPD) in drug discovery and development.

Piet H van der Graaf, Neil Benson

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
117citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

117 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Review
  3. An Open-Label Study Investigating the 5-HTClinical pharmacology in drug development · 2026
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Harnessing network pharmacology in drug discovery: an integrated approach.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Drug design, development and therapy · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. The Challenges of Predicting Drug-Induced QTc Prolongation in Humans.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2022
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Piet H van der GraafPfizer, Department of Pharmacometrics, Global Clinical Pharmacology, IPC 096, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, UK. piet.van.der.graaf@pfizer.com
Neil Benson

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mechanistic PKPD models are now advocated not only by academic and industrial researchers, but also by regulators. A recent development in this area is based on the growing realisation that innovation could be dramatically catalysed by creating synergy at the interface between Systems Biology and PKPD, two disciplines which until now have largely existed in 'parallel universes' with a limited track record of impactful collaboration. This has led to the emergence of systems pharmacology. Broadly speaking, this is the quantitative analysis of the dynamic interactions between drug(s) and a biological system to understand the behaviour of the system as a whole, as opposed to the behaviour of its individual constituents; thus, it has become the interface between PKPD and systems biology. It applies the concepts of Systems Engineering, Systems Biology, and PKPD to the study of complex biological systems through iteration between computational and/or mathematical modelling and experimentation. Application of systems pharmacology can now impact across all stages of drug research and development, ranging from very early discovery programs to large-scale Phase 3/4 patient studies, and has the potential to become an integral component of a new 'enhanced quantitative drug discovery and development' (EQD3) R&D paradigm.

Indexed as

Drug DiscoveryModels, BiologicalPharmacologyComputer SimulationHumansSystems Biology

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.