ArticleInsect biochemistry and molecular biology2011
Antiviral, anti-parasitic, and cytotoxic effects of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), a reactive compound generated by phenoloxidase during insect immune response.
Article in Insect biochemistry and molecular biology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
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- CLIPA protein pairs function as cofactors for prophenoloxidase activation in Anopheles gambiae.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Growth and longevity modulation through larval environment mediate immunosenescence and immune strategy of Tenebrio molitor.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Serine protease homolog pairs CLIPA4-A6, A4-A7Δ, and A4-A12 act as cofactors for proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase-2 and -7 in Anopheles gambiae.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Two clip-domain serine protease homologs, cSPH35 and cSPH242, act as a cofactor for prophenoloxidase-1 activation inFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- A life-and-death struggle: interaction of insects with entomopathogenic fungi across various infection stages.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Galleria mellonella immune melanization is fungicidal during infection.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Cleavage activation and functional comparison of Manduca sexta serine protease homologs SPH1a, SPH1b, SPH4, and SPH101 in conjunction with SPH2.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2022Article
- Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore.Ecology and evolution · 2022Article
- Serpin-4 Facilitates Baculovirus Infection by Inhibiting Melanization in Asian Corn Borer,Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Why do insects evolve immune priming? A search for crossroads.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2022Review
- Glyphosate inhibits melanization and increases susceptibility to infection in insects.PLoS biology · 2021Article
- Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella.Pathogens and disease · 2021Review
- Mitochondrial and Innate Immunity Transcriptomes from Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae Infected with the Spodoptera frugiperda Ascovirus.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Sex-specific patterns of senescence in artificial insect populations varying in sex-ratio to manipulate reproductive effort.BMC evolutionary biology · 2020Article
- Identification of a Conserved Prophenoloxidase Activation Pathway in Cotton BollwormFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) and its activation system are implicated in several defense responses of insects. Upon wounding or infection, inactive prophenoloxidase (proPO) is converted to active PO through a cascade of serine proteases and their homologs. PO generates reactive compounds such as 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), which have a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity. Here we report that DHI and its spontaneous oxidation products are also active against viruses and parasitic wasps. Preincubation of a baculovirus stock with 1.25 mM DHI for 3 h near fully disabled recombinant protein production. The LC₅₀ for lambda bacteriophage and eggs of the wasp Microplitis demolitor were 5.6 ± 2.2 and 111.0 ± 1.6 μM, respectively. The toxicity of DHI and related compounds also extended to cells derived from insects that serve as hosts for several of the aforementioned pathogens. Pretreatment of Sf9 cells with 1.0 mM DHI for 4 h resulted in 97% mortality, and LC₅₀ values of 20.3 ± 1.2 μM in buffer and 131.8 ± 1.1 μM in a culture medium. Symptoms of DHI toxicity in Sf9 cells included DNA polymerization, protein crosslinking, and lysis. Taken together, these data showed that proPO activation and DHI production is strongly toxic against various pathogens but can also damage host tissues and cells if not properly controlled.
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