ArticlePloS one2011
How much remains undetected? Probability of molecular detection of human Plasmodia in the field.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Residual Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in Kenyan children after artemisinin-combination therapy is associated with increased transmission to mosquitoes and parasite recurrence.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Trial
- Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum mixed infections in human and mosquito hosts: The impact of multi-species infection on parasite densities and transmission to mosquitoes.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Climate Change Is Expected to Expand Malaria Transmission Range and Population at Risk in Papua New Guinea.GeoHealth · 2025Article
- The probability of Plasmodium vivax acute illness following primary infection and relapse in Papua New Guinea.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Bridging the Gap from Molecular Surveillance to Programmatic Decisions for Malaria Control and Elimination.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Review
- A Cohort Study on the Duration of Plasmodium falciparum Infections During the Dry Season in The Gambia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Prevalence and force of Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection and associated clinical malaria burden in the Brazilian Amazon.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2022Article
- Improved Detectability of Plasmodium falciparum Clones with Repeated Sampling in Incident and Chronic Infections in Burkina Faso.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Gametocyte carriage of Plasmodium falciparum (pfs25) and Plasmodium vivax (pvs25) during mass screening and treatment in West Timor, Indonesia: a longitudinal prospective study.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Development of a new barcode-based, multiplex-PCR, next-generation-sequencing assay and data processing and analytical pipeline for multiplicity of infection detection of Plasmodium falciparum.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Persistence of mRNA indicative of Plasmodium falciparum ring-stage parasites 42 days after artemisinin and non-artemisinin combination therapy in naturally infected Malians.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Sex-based differences in clearance of chroniceLife · 2020Article
- Differential impact of malaria control interventions on P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in young Papua New Guinean children.BMC medicine · 2019Article
- Improving Methods for Analyzing Antimalarial Drug Efficacy Trials: Molecular Correction Based on Length-Polymorphic MarkersAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2019Article
- Longitudinal tracking and quantification of individual Plasmodium falciparum clones in complex infections.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Identifying Recrudescent Plasmodium falciparum in Treated Malaria Patients by Real-time PCR and High Resolution Melt Analysis of Genetic Diversity.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Transmission of molecularly undetectable circulating parasite clones leads to high infection complexity in mosquitoes post feeding.International journal for parasitology · 2018Article
- Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection dynamics: re-infections, recrudescences and relapses.Malaria journal · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn malaria endemic areas, most people are simultaneously infected with different parasite clones. Detection of individual clones is hampered when their densities fluctuate around the detection limit and, in case of P. falciparum, by sequestration during part of their life cycle. This has important implications for measures of levels of infection or for the outcome of clinical trials. This study aimed at measuring the detectability of individual P. falciparum and P. vivax parasite clones in consecutive samples of the same patient and at investigating the impact of sampling strategies on basic epidemiological measures such as multiplicity of infection (MOI).
methodsSamples were obtained in a repeated cross-sectional field survey in 1 to 4.5 years old children from Papua New Guinea, who were followed up in 2-monthly intervals over 16 months. At each follow-up visit, two consecutive blood samples were collected from each child at intervals of 24 hours. Samples were genotyped for the polymorphic markers msp2 for P. falciparum and msp1F3 and MS16 for P. vivax. Observed prevalence and mean MOI estimated from single samples per host were compared to combined data from sampling twice within 24 h. FINDINGS AND
conclusionEstimated detectability was high in our data set (0.79 [95% CI 0.76-0.82] for P. falciparum and, depending on the marker, 0.61 [0.58-0.63] or 0.73 [0.71-0.75] for P. vivax). When genotyping data from sequential samples, collected 24 hours apart, were combined, the increase in measured prevalence was moderate, 6 to 9% of all infections were missed on a single day. The effect on observed MOI was more pronounced, 18 to 31% of all individual clones were not detected in a single bleed. Repeated sampling revealed little difference between detectability of P. falciparum and P. vivax.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.