ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2011
Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1,248 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1,248 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 2,472 citations in OpenAlex.
- CRISPR/Cas9 System as a Promising Therapy in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Pooled it
- CRISPR/Cas9 mediates precise and efficient gene editing inSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- Utilization of the CRISPR-Cas system for investigating tuberculosis drug resistance.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Surviving phage attack primes bacterial immunity to defeat counterdefenses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Harnessing endogenous CRISPR-Cas9 for inducible genetic engineering ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Clinical Evaluation of a Tandem qPCR-CRISPR Assay for Multidrug-Resistant or Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- CRISPR/Cas system as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat multi-drug-resistant bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Bacterial immune systems.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Characterization of CRISPR Loci and Antimicrobial Resistance in FoodborneMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- CRISPR rewired: from adaptive immunity to a global virulence control network in Salmonella.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Molecular basis of SAM-AMP synthesis and degradation in the type III-B CRISPR-Cas system.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- CRISPR diagnostics: from trans-nuclease activity to cancer diagnosis.Cell & bioscience · 2026Review
- Programmable large-cargo integration: Overcoming size constraints for next-generation gene therapy.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Review
- From mechanism to medicine: CRISPR‒Cas9 delivery strategies, therapeutic applications and translation challenges.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Expanding the Microbial Genomic Landscape and Biotechnological Applications of CRISPR-Cas Systems.Biology · 2026Review
- TKC-MC: An Effective Strategy for Generating Heritable Heterozygous Mutations in Essential Genes in Rice.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Innovative Approaches to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review of Emerging Therapies and Technologies.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Synergistic integration of CRISPR/Cas and nanozymes in next-generation biosensors for ultrasensitive bacterial detection.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Review
- Review
- Metagenomic mining reveals novel Cas12 subtypes and their evolutionary diversification.iMetaOmics · 2026Article
1,188 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) modules are adaptive immunity systems that are present in many archaea and bacteria. These defence systems are encoded by operons that have an extraordinarily diverse architecture and a high rate of evolution for both the cas genes and the unique spacer content. Here, we provide an updated analysis of the evolutionary relationships between CRISPR-Cas systems and Cas proteins. Three major types of CRISPR-Cas system are delineated, with a further division into several subtypes and a few chimeric variants. Given the complexity of the genomic architectures and the extremely dynamic evolution of the CRISPR-Cas systems, a unified classification of these systems should be based on multiple criteria. Accordingly, we propose a 'polythetic' classification that integrates the phylogenies of the most common cas genes, the sequence and organization of the CRISPR repeats and the architecture of the CRISPR-cas loci.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.