ArticleThe Journal of infection2011
Rate and influence of respiratory virus co-infection on pandemic (H1N1) influenza disease.
Article in The Journal of infection, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Respiratory viral co-infections in patients with COVID-19 and associated outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2023Pooled it
- Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Single and multiple respiratory virus infections and severity of respiratory disease: a systematic review.Paediatric respiratory reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Clinical disease severity of respiratory viral co-infection versus single viral infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- Double trouble: how co- and superinfections shape viral dynamics and host responses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Pathogen and Patient Characteristics and the Severity of Viral Respiratory Infections in Children.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Interaction analysis of non-bacterial respiratory pathogens during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in two cities along the eastern coast of China.Pediatric investigation · 2026Article
- Respiratory viral coinfections: interactions, mechanisms and clinical implications.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
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- The order of infection shapes disease outcomes in influenza and herpes simplex virus coinfection by modulating immune responses.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Experimental Models to Investigate Viral and Cellular Dynamics in Respiratory Viral Co-Infections.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Interactions between zoonotic pathogens and infectious disease spread: Why understanding mechanisms and modelling matters more than ever.Biosafety and health · 2025Review
- Immune responses underpinning acute co-infections with unrelated viruses: timing and location matter.International immunology · 2025Review
- Simultaneous coinfection with influenza virus and an arbovirus impedes influenza-specific but not Semliki Forest virus-specific responses.Immunology and cell biology · 2025Article
- The added value of diagnostics to characterize age-specific patterns of respiratory viral infections and coinfections and to detect emerging threats.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of Viral Co-Detection on the Within-Host Viral Diversity of Influenza Patients.Viruses · 2025Article
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- Exploring the Impact of Antibiotics on Fever Recovery Time and Hospital Stays in Children with Viral Infections: Insights from Advanced Data Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesMany patients with influenza have more than one viral agent with co-infection frequencies reported as high as 20%. The impact of respiratory virus copathogens on influenza disease is unclear. We sought to determine if respiratory virus co-infection with pandemic H1N1 altered clinical disease.
methodsRespiratory samples from 229 and 267 patients identified with and without H1N1 influenza respectively were screened for the presence of 13 seasonal respiratory viruses by multiplex RT-PCR. Disease severity between coinfected and monoinfected H1N1 patients were quantified using a standardized clinical severity scale. Influenza viral load was calculated by quantitative RT-PCR.
resultsThirty (13.1%) influenza samples screened positive for the presence of 31 viral copathogens. The most prominent copathogens included rhinovirus (61.3%), and coronaviruses (16.1%). Median clinical severity of both monoinfected and coinfected groups were 1. Patients coinfected with rhinovirus tended to have lower clinical severity (median 0), whereas non-rhinovirus co-infections had substantially higher clinical severity (median 2). No difference in H1N1 viral load was observed between coinfected and monoinfected groups.
conclusionsRespiratory viruses co-infect patients with influenza disease. Patients coinfected with rhinovirus had less severe disease while non-rhinovirus co-infections were associated with substantially higher severity without changes in influenza viral titer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.