Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21541349›Full record

ArticlePloS one2011

Social and structural factors associated with HIV infection among female sex workers who inject drugs in the Mexico-US border region.

Steffanie A Strathdee, Remedios Lozada, Gustavo Martinez, Alicia Vera, Melanie Rusch, Lucie Nguyen, Robin A Pollini, Felipe Uribe-Salas, Leo Beletsky, Thomas L Patterson

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
131citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
62.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

131 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.

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71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Steffanie A StrathdeeDepartment of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America. sstrathdee@ucsd.edu
Remedios Lozada
Gustavo Martinez
Alicia Vera
Melanie Rusch
Lucie Nguyen
Robin A Pollini
Felipe Uribe-Salas
Leo Beletsky
Thomas L Patterson
University of California, San Diego · USEl Colegio de la Frontera Norte · MX

Funding

Epidemiologic Study on Changing HIV Risks Among FSW-IDUs on the Mexico-US BorderR01DA023877 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI STRATHDEE, STEFFANIE A. · 2008 to 2012
$3.3M
Defining the Role of Mexican Pharmacies in HIV Prevention-A Mixed Method ApproachK01DA022923 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI POLLINI, ROBIN A · 2007 to 2011
$758k
Epidemiology of Syphilis among IDUs in Tijuana, MexicoR00DA024135 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI RUSCH, MELANIE LENA ANNE · 2009 to 2011
$715k
NIDA NIH HHS K01 DA022923NIDA NIH HHS K01DA022923NIDA NIH HHS R00 DA024135NIDA NIH HHS R00DA024135-03NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA023877NIDA NIH HHS R25DA025771
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFSWs who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs) can acquire HIV through high risk sexual and injection behaviors. We studied correlates of HIV infection among FSW-IDUs in northern Mexico, where sex work is quasi-legal and syringes can be legally obtained without a prescription.

methodsFSW-IDUs>18 years old who reported injecting drugs and recent unprotected sex with clients in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez underwent surveys and HIV/STI testing. Logistic regression identified correlates of HIV infection.

resultsOf 620 FSW-IDUs, prevalence of HIV, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, trichomonas, syphilis titers ≥1:8, or any of these infections was 5.3%, 4%, 13%, 35%, 10% and 72%, respectively. Compared to other FSW-IDUs, HIV-positive women were more likely to: have syphilis titers ≥1:8 (36% vs. 9%, p<0.001), often/always inject drugs with clients (55% vs. 32%, p = 0.01), and experience confiscation of syringes by police (49% vs. 28%, p = 0.02). Factors independently associated with HIV infection were syphilis titers ≥1:8, often/always injecting with clients and police confiscation of syringes. Women who obtained syringes from NEPs (needle exchange programs) within the last month had lower odds of HIV infection associated with active syphilis, but among non-NEP attenders, the odds of HIV infection associated with active syphilis was significantly elevated.

conclusionsFactors operating in both the micro-social environment (i.e., injecting drugs with clients) and policy environment (i.e., having syringes confiscated by police, attending NEPs) predominated as factors associated with risk of HIV infection, rather than individual-level risk behaviors. Interventions should target unjustified policing practices, clients' risk behaviors and HIV/STI prevention through NEPs.

Indexed as

AdultBehaviorDemographyEnvironmentFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansMexicoNeedle-Exchange ProgramsOdds RatioSex WorkSocioeconomic FactorsSubstance Abuse, IntravenousSyphilisUnited States

Identifiers

PMID21541349
PMCPMC3081836
OpenAlexW1963888652

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.