ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism2011
Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function.
Review in American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 140 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 282 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19: Equity-related analyses and update on evidence.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Aldosterone synthase inhibition: cardiorenal protection in animal disease models and translation of hormonal effects to human subjects.Journal of translational medicine · 2014Trial
- Glucocorticoids in pregnancy: a master-switch for fetal maturation.Endocrine reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Pharmacological corticosterone suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in a tissue-dependent manner independent of sleep fragmentation in male mice.Biology open · 2026Article
- Aldosterone in Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism to Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- How post-translational modifications impact glucocorticoid receptor function in human pathologies.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Mast cell specific Cyp11a1 deficiency promotes T cell mediated immunity and suppresses tumour metastasis in a mouse model of melanoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Whole transcriptome analysis reveals differential gene expression associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum invading HL-60 cells.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Glucocorticoids in breast cancer: physiologic mechanisms and relationship to risk, survival, and treatment response.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Exploring the Expanding Role of Nuclear Receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 in Cell Biology and Immunity.International journal of cell biology · 2026Review
- Targeting nuclear receptors in muscular dystrophies and regenerative myogenesis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Cardiac response to chronic restraint stress involves mineralocorticoid receptors in male Sprague-Dawley rats.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- ZnO Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for One-Step Quantification of Cortisol in Saliva.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome: Disproportionality analysis of cases using VigiBase data.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Article
- The gut-microbiota-brain axis: Focus on gut steroids.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Review
- Steroid hormones as modulators of anti-tumoural immunity.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- The vitamin DAmerican journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2025Article
- A Wearable Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor for Cortisol Stable Monitoring in Sweat.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Impact of the diverse cardiotonic steroids on beta-amyloid precursor protein level.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are steroid hormones classically thought to be secreted exclusively by the adrenal glands. However, recent evidence has shown that corticosteroids can also be locally synthesized in various other tissues, including primary lymphoid organs, intestine, skin, brain, and possibly heart. Evidence for local synthesis includes detection of steroidogenic enzymes and high local corticosteroid levels, even after adrenalectomy. Local synthesis creates high corticosteroid concentrations in extra-adrenal organs, sometimes much higher than circulating concentrations. Interestingly, local corticosteroid synthesis can be regulated via locally expressed mediators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In some tissues (e.g., skin), these local control pathways might form miniature analogs of the pathways that regulate adrenal corticosteroid production. Locally synthesized glucocorticoids regulate activation of immune cells, while locally synthesized mineralocorticoids regulate blood volume and pressure. The physiological importance of extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids has been shown, because inhibition of local synthesis has major effects even in adrenal-intact subjects. In sum, while adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids into the blood coordinates multiple organ systems, local synthesis of corticosteroids results in high spatial specificity of steroid action. Taken together, studies of these five major organ systems challenge the conventional understanding of corticosteroid biosynthesis and function.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.