ArticleWorld journal of diabetes2010
Mechanisms of developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome and related disorders.
Article in World journal of diabetes, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association of famine exposure during early life with the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood: a meta-analysis.European journal of nutrition · 2018Pooled it
- The relationship between famine exposure during early life and body mass index in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2018Pooled it
- The association of famine exposure with healthy lifestyles at different life stages in rural older adults in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Revisiting the Immunometabolic Basis for the Metabolic Syndrome from an Immunonutritional View.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Glucocorticoid-Dependent Mechanisms of Brain Tolerance to Hypoxia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- The Impact of Maternal Fructose Exposure on Angiogenic Activity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Blood Flow Recovery After Critical Limb Ischemia in Rat Offspring.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Chinese famine exposure in infancy and metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Article
- Antenatal Synthetic Glucocorticoid Exposure at Human Therapeutic Equivalent Doses Predisposes Middle-Age Male Offspring Baboons to an Obese Phenotype That Emerges With Aging.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2019Article
- Famine Exposure in Early Life and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adulthood: Comparisons of Different Metabolic Syndrome Definitions.Journal of diabetes research · 2019Article
- Effects of prenatal caffeine exposure on glucose homeostasis of adult offspring rats.Die Naturwissenschaften · 2017Article
- Indicators of fetal growth and adult liver enzymes: the Bogalusa Heart Study and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2017Article
- Systemic inflammation and family history in relation to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes based on an alternating decision tree.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- PPARs Link Early Life Nutritional Insults to Later Programmed Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2015Review
- Perinatal Oxidative Stress May Affect Fetal Ghrelin Levels in Humans.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- Growth trajectories in early childhood, their relationship with antenatal and postnatal factors, and development of obesity by age 9 years: results from an Australian birth cohort study.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2015Article
- Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of obesity in offspring: a prospective cohort study.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2015Article
- Accelerated aging of reproductive capacity in male rat offspring of protein-restricted mothers is associated with increased testicular and sperm oxidative stress.Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2014Article
- Abundant daily non-sedentary activity is associated with reduced prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2013Observational
- Roles of melatonin in fetal programming in compromised pregnancies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2013Article
- Priming of metabolic dysfunctions by prenatal immune activation in mice: relevance to schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is consistent epidemiological evidence linking low birth weight, preterm birth and adverse fetal growth to an elevated risk of the metabolic syndrome (obesity, raised blood pressure, raised serum triglycerides, lowered serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance) and related disorders. This "fetal or developmental origins/programming of disease" concept is now well accepted but the "programming" mechanisms remain poorly understood. We reviewed the major evidence, implications and limitations of current hypotheses in interpreting developmental programming and discuss future research directions. Major current hypotheses to interpret developmental programming include: (1) thrifty phenotype; (2) postnatal accelerated or catch-up growth; (3) glucocorticoid effects; (4) epigenetic changes; (5) oxidative stress; (6) prenatal hypoxia; (7) placental dysfunction; and (8) reduced stem cell number. Some hypothetical mechanisms (2, 4 and 8) could be driven by other upstream "driver" mechanisms. There is a lack of animal studies addressing multiple mechanisms simultaneously and a lack of strong evidence linking clinical outcomes to biomarkers of the proposed programming mechanisms in humans. There are needs for (1) experimental studies addressing multiple hypothetical mechanisms simultaneously; and (2) prospective pregnancy cohort studies linking biomarkers of the proposed mechanisms to clinical outcomes or surrogate biomarker endpoints. A better understanding of the programming mechanisms is a prerequisite for developing early life interventions to arrest the increasing epidemic of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and other related disorders.
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