ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2011
Viral persistence redirects CD4 T cell differentiation toward T follicular helper cells.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 218 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
218 citing papers in PubMed, 322 citations in OpenAlex.
- From guardians to traitors: molecular mechanisms of tumor-induced T cell betrayal.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Stepwise differentiation from precursor intermediates and distinct Th1 checkpoints promote CD4 Th1 cell differentiation during chronic viral infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The spontaneous neoantigen-specific CD4Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- CD4 T cell dysfunction is associated with bacterial recrudescence during chronic tuberculosis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- T Cell Exhaustion in Allergic Diseases and Allergen Immunotherapy: A Novel Biomarker?Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- CD4 T cell dysfunction is associated with bacterial recrudescence during chronic tuberculosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Themis differentially regulates T follicular helper cell differentiation during early and late stages of chronic viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cell Identity and Spatial Distribution of PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade Responders.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Dysfunction of type 1 and type 2 immune cells: a lesson from exhausted-like ILC2s and their activation-induced cell death.International immunology · 2024Review
- Bhlhe40 Promotes CD4+ T Helper 1 Cell and Suppresses T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation during Viral Infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Help me help you: emerging concepts in T follicular helper cell differentiation, identity, and function.Current opinion in immunology · 2024Review
- Autoimmunity-associated allele of tyrosine phosphatase gene PTPN22 enhances anti-viral immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- T follicular helper cells expansion in transplant recipients correlates with graft infiltration and adverse outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The role of CD4MedComm · 2023Review
- The Role of CD4 T Cell Help in CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Function During Chronic Infection and Cancer.Immune network · 2023Review
- Molecular, metabolic, and functional CD4 T cell paralysis in the lymph node impedes tumor control.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Distribution modeling quantifies collective TScience advances · 2023Article
- 'Persistent germinal center responses: slow-growing trees bear the best fruits'.Current opinion in immunology · 2023Review
- T cells in health and disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- CD4Nature immunology · 2023Review
158 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
CD4 T cell responses are crucial to prevent and control viral infection; however, virus-specific CD4 T cell activity is considered to be rapidly lost during many persistent viral infections. This is largely caused by the fact that during viral persistence CD4 T cells do not produce the classical Th1 cytokines associated with control of acute viral infections. Considering that CD4 T cell help is critical for both CD8 T cell and B cell functions, it is unclear how CD4 T cells can lose responsiveness but continue to sustain long-term control of persistent viral replication. We now demonstrate that CD4 T cell function is not extinguished as a result of viral persistence. Instead, viral persistence and prolonged T cell receptor stimulation progressively redirects CD4 T cell development away from the Th1 response induced during an acute infection toward T follicular helper cells. Importantly, this sustained CD4 T cell functionality is critical to maintain immunity and ultimately aid in the control of persistent viral infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.