ReviewThe FEBS journal2011
Gram-positive bacterial superantigen outside-in signaling causes toxic shock syndrome.
Review in The FEBS journal, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibacterial activity of glycerol monolaurate formulated in petrolatum.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
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- Antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity of glycerol dithionomonolaurate, an analog of glycerol monolaurate.mSphere · 2025Article
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- Proinflammatory synergy between protease and superantigen streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins.Infection and immunity · 2025Article
- Pro-inflammatory secreted virulence factors ofASM case reports · 2025Article
- Inhibition of Toxic Shock Syndrome-AssociatedMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Methicillin-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A Higher Dose ofToxins · 2023Article
- Probable enterotoxin-associated toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
- Microbiome Shapes the T Cell Receptor Repertoire among CD4+CD8+ Thymocytes.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Pathogen Stimulation of Interleukin-8 from Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells through CD40.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Variable-heavy (VH) families influencing IgA1&2 engagement to the antigen, FcαRI and superantigen proteins G, A, and L.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Characterizing Staphylococcus aureus from Healthy Individuals: an Authentic Research Experience for Undergraduates.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2022Article
- Article
- A global transcriptomic analysis ofMicrobial genomics · 2021Article
- Interactions with Microbial Proteins Driving the Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Kawasaki syndrome: role of superantigens revisited.The FEBS journal · 2021Review
- Human Keratinocyte Response to Superantigens.mSphere · 2020Article
- Device-Associated Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) are Gram-positive pathogens capable of producing a variety of bacterial exotoxins known as superantigens. Superantigens interact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells to induce T cell proliferation and massive cytokine production, which leads to fever, rash, capillary leak and subsequent hypotension, the major symptoms of toxic shock syndrome. Both S. aureus and group A streptococci colonize mucosal surfaces, including the anterior nares and vagina for S. aureus, and the oropharynx and less commonly the vagina for group A streptococci. However, due to their abilities to secrete a variety of virulence factors, the organisms can also cause illnesses from the mucosa. This review provides an updated discussion of the biochemical and structural features of one group of secreted virulence factors, the staphylococcal and group A streptococcal superantigens, and their abilities to cause toxic shock syndrome from a mucosal surface. The main focus of this review, however, is the abilities of superantigens to induce cytokines and chemokines from epithelial cells, which has been linked to a dodecapeptide region that is relatively conserved among all superantigens and is distinct from the binding sites required for interactions with APCs and T cells. This phenomenon, termed outside-in signaling, acts to recruit adaptive immune cells to the submucosa, where the superantigens can then interact with those cells to initiate the final cytokine cascades that lead to toxic shock syndrome.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.