ArticleOphthalmology2011
Structural grading of foveal hypoplasia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography a predictor of visual acuity?
Article in Ophthalmology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 209 papers.
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Who cites it
209 citing papers in PubMed, 416 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nystagmus Does Not Limit Reading Ability in Albinism.PloS one · 2016Trial
- The relationship between foveal anatomy and retinal function in oculocutaneous albinism.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic discovery of structural variants causing foveal hypoplasia using SVRare and long-read nanopore sequencing.European journal of human genetics : EJHG · 2026Article
- Development of the zebrafish foveal analogue: a quantitative atlas of high-acuity zone growth and retinal regionalisation.Biology open · 2026Article
- Novel Quantitative Metrics for Foveal Hypoplasia Derived from Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Using AngioTool.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Ocular Phenotypes and NovelGenes · 2026Article
- Assessing visual and refractive outcomes of subretinal fluid detected by handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography in full-term newborns.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2026Article
- Isolated Bilateral Foveal Hypoplasia Diagnosed in Adulthood Following Evaluation for Presbyopia.Cureus · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association and multi-omics functional screens reveal the genetic architecture of foveal development.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- [Albinism: Clinical presentation, diagnostics and visual function].Die Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Bilateral bifoveate retina in a human resembling lizard foveal architecture.Ophthalmic genetics · 2026Article
- Clinical Manifestations and Genetic Spectrum of Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2 in Chinese Patients.Genes · 2026Article
- Exploring ocular fundus morphology in relation to growth in adolescents born moderate-to-late preterm.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Age-Related Associations of Foveal Structural Parameters in Healthy Adults: A Comparative Analysis of Biological and Chronological Age.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Skin Melanin Content and the Foveal Avascular Zone Correlation in a Healthy White Population.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- A Dosage-Dependent Dominant-Negative Mechanism of SLC45A2(W74R) in Autosomal Dominant Oculocutaneous Albinism Revealed by Zebrafish Modeling.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Concentric macular rings and OCT corrugations in foveal hypoplasia: proof of concept for an optical interference mechanism.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- The Human Fovea Is Relatively Horizontally Elongated in Infantile Nystagmus.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Genome-Wide Insights Into the Genes and Pathways Shaping Human Foveal Development: Redefining the Genetic Landscape of Foveal Hypoplasia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Pigmentation Pattern of Iris and Fundus in 75 Chinese Families With GPR143-Associated Ocular Albinism.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
149 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo characterize and grade the spectrum of foveal hypoplasia based on different stages of arrested development of the fovea. Grading was performed using morphologic findings obtained by ultra high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was calculated for different grades.
designObservational case series. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Sixty-nine patients with foveal hypoplasia (albinism, n = 34; PAX6 mutations, n = 10; isolated cases, n = 14; achromatopsia, n = 11) and 65 control subjects were examined.
methodsA 7×7-mm retinal area was sampled using a 3-dimensional scanning protocol (743×75, A scans×B scans) with ultra high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SOCT Copernicus HR; 3-μm axial resolution). Gross morphologic abnormalities were documented. B-scans at the fovea were segmented using a longitudinal reflectivity profile. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA was obtained.
main outcome measuresGrading was based on presence or absence of foveal pit and widening of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and outer segment (OS) at the fovea. Quantitative measurements were obtained for comparing atypical foveal hypoplasia in achromatopsia. Best-corrected visual acuity was compared with the grade of foveal hypoplasia.
resultsFour grades of foveal hypoplasia were distinguished: grade 1, shallow foveal pit, presence of ONL widening, presence of OS lengthening; grade 2, grade 1 but absence of foveal pit; grade 3, grade 2 but absence of OS lengthening; grade 4, grade 3 but absence of ONL widening. There was significant difference in visual acuity (VA) associated with each grade (P<0.0001). Grade 1 was associated with the best VA (median VA, 0.2), whereas grades 2, 3, and 4 were associated with progressively poorer VA with a median VA of 0.44, 0.60, and 0.78, respectively. The atypical features seen with foveal hypoplasia associated with achromatopsia were characterized by decreased retinal and ONL thickness and deeper foveal depth.
conclusionsA structural grading system for foveal hypoplasia was developed based on the stage at which foveal development was arrested, which helps to provide a prognostic indicator for VA and is applicable in a range of disorders associated with foveal hypoplasia. Atypical foveal hypoplasia in achromatopsia shows different characteristics. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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