ArticleJournal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA
Using the time and motion method to study clinical work processes and workflow: methodological inconsistencies and a call for standardized research.
Article in Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Venous Access: National Guideline and Registry Development (VANGUARD): Advancing Patient-Centered Venous Access Care Through the Development of a National Coordinated Registry Network.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Guideline
- A systematic review of the impact of health information technology on nurses' time.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2020Pooled it
- Using electronic health record audit logs to study clinical activity: a systematic review of aims, measures, and methods.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2020Pooled it
- Cost of Home-Based Couples Human Immunodeficiency Virus Counseling and Testing and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Self-Testing During Pregnancy and Postpartum in Southwestern Kenya.Value in health regional issues · 2023Trial
- Bubble CPAP and oxygen for child pneumonia care in Malawi: a CPAP IMPACT time motion study.BMC health services research · 2019Trial
- A Time and Motion Study of Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians Obtaining Admission Medication Histories.Journal of hospital medicine · 2017Trial
- Evaluation of the effect of decision support on the efficiency of primary care providers in the outpatient practice.Journal of primary care & community health · 2015Trial
- Why condition cash transfers? A multimethod pilot study evaluating the conditioning of cash transfers for tuberculosis treatment.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Implications for Virtual Nursing Role Development in Acute Nursing Care: 24-Hour Time-and-Motion Study.JMIR nursing · 2026Article
- Personnel time requirements for mobile chest X-ray screening for TB.IJTLD open · 2025Article
- An electronic health record metadata-mining approach to identifying patient-level interprofessional clinician teams in the intensive care unit.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2025Article
- Workload in antenatal care before and after implementation of an electronic decision support system: an observed time-motion study of healthcare providers in Nepal.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Observational
- Multitasking during Medication Management in a Nursing Home: A Time Motion Study.Applied clinical informatics · 2024Article
- How much time do emergency department physicians spend on medication-related tasks? A time- and-motion study.BMC emergency medicine · 2024Observational
- Explaining Variability in Electronic Health Record Effort in Primary Care Ambulatory Encounters.Applied clinical informatics · 2024Article
- Toward ensuring care quality and safety across settings: examining time pressure in a nursing home with observational time motion study metrics based on the Omaha system.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2023Observational
- Involving Health Care Professionals in the Development of Electronic Health Records: Scoping Review.JMIR human factors · 2023Article
- Improving difficult peripheral intravenous access requires thought, training and technology (DARTBMC health services research · 2023Article
- Time Utilization Among Immunization Clinics Using an Electronic Immunization Registry (Part 2): Time and Motion Study of Modified User Workflows.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Feasibility, usability and acceptability of a novel digital hybrid-system for reporting of routine maternal health information in Southern Tanzania: A mixed-methods study.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo identify ways for improving the consistency of design, conduct, and results reporting of time and motion (T&M) research in health informatics. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe analyzed the commonalities and divergences of empirical studies published 1990-2010 that have applied the T&M approach to examine the impact of health IT implementation on clinical work processes and workflow. The analysis led to the development of a suggested 'checklist' intended to help future T&M research produce compatible and comparable results. We call this checklist STAMP (Suggested Time And Motion Procedures).
resultsSTAMP outlines a minimum set of 29 data/ information elements organized into eight key areas, plus three supplemental elements contained in an 'Ancillary Data' area, that researchers may consider collecting and reporting in their future T&M endeavors. DISCUSSION: T&M is generally regarded as the most reliable approach for assessing the impact of health IT implementation on clinical work. However, there exist considerable inconsistencies in how previous T&M studies were conducted and/or how their results were reported, many of which do not seem necessary yet can have a significant impact on quality of research and generalisability of results. Therefore, we deem it is time to call for standards that can help improve the consistency of T&M research in health informatics. This study represents an initial attempt.
conclusionWe developed a suggested checklist to improve the methodological and results reporting consistency of T&M research, so that meaningful insights can be derived from across-study synthesis and health informatics, as a field, will be able to accumulate knowledge from these studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.