ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2011
Staphylococcus aureus biofilms prevent macrophage phagocytosis and attenuate inflammation in vivo.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 392 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
392 citing papers in PubMed, 682 citations in OpenAlex.
- Osteomyelitis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management.MedComm · 2026Review
- Staphylococcus aureus contamination in traditional buffalo milk supply chain in Bangladesh.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Nano-NucleOTAC-mediated Z-DNA transformation disrupts mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilms and activates antibacterial immunity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Rifampicin in Osteoarticular Infections: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Convergent methodologies in prosthetic joint infection research: integrating transdisciplinary approaches to understand and prevent biofilm-driven failure of orthopaedic prostheses.Journal of medical microbiology · 2026Review
- Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: molecular mechanisms, resistance determinants, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Biomaterial-Driven Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in an Experimental Environment of Implant-Associated Infection Mediated byJournal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Clove Oil Enhances Fosfomycin Efficacy AgainstBiomolecules · 2026Article
- Clinical Outcome After Surgery for Fracture-Related Infection Is Dependent on Both Microbiology and the Host Inflammatory Response.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Live tissue microbiota and bacterial translocation: mechanisms and translational perspectives in cardiometabolic diseases.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial transfer to granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells augments immunosuppressive activity.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Differential sensitivity of leukocyte populations toInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Methicillin-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: tolerance, immune evasion and treatment.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Emerging non-antibiotic strategies for implant-associated biofilm infections by reprogramming the dysregulated immune microenvironment.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Metabolic and regulatory adaptations of Staphylococcus epidermidis to host stresses.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- How do immunometabolites shape bacterial infections?PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Exosome-Biomaterial Platforms for Diabetic Skin Infections: Microenvironment Remodeling, Responsive Delivery, and Clinical Translation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Intratumoral microbiome: a key regulator and novel therapeutic target for chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Pattern recognition receptor signaling in otitis media: immune crosstalk and pathogenic mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Single-cell RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Neutrophil Dysfunction in Chronic Bone Infection.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
332 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria encased in a matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA, and protein. Staphylococcus aureus can form biofilm infections, which are often debilitating due to their chronicity and recalcitrance to antibiotic therapy. Currently, the immune mechanisms elicited during biofilm growth and their impact on bacterial clearance remain to be defined. We used a mouse model of catheter-associated biofilm infection to assess the functional importance of TLR2 and TLR9 in the host immune response during biofilm formation, because ligands for both receptors are present within the biofilm. Interestingly, neither TLR2 nor TLR9 impacted bacterial density or inflammatory mediator secretion during biofilm growth in vivo, suggesting that S. aureus biofilms circumvent these traditional bacterial recognition pathways. Several potential mechanisms were identified to account for biofilm evasion of innate immunity, including significant reductions in IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL2, and CCL2 expression during biofilm infection compared with the wound healing response elicited by sterile catheters, limited macrophage invasion into biofilms in vivo, and a skewing of the immune response away from a microbicidal phenotype as evidenced by decreases in inducible NO synthase expression concomitant with robust arginase-1 induction. Coculture studies of macrophages with S. aureus biofilms in vitro revealed that macrophages successful at biofilm invasion displayed limited phagocytosis and gene expression patterns reminiscent of alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that S. aureus biofilms are capable of attenuating traditional host proinflammatory responses, which may explain why biofilm infections persist in an immunocompetent host.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.