ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2011
β-Adrenergic receptor antagonism prevents anxiety-like behavior and microglial reactivity induced by repeated social defeat.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 386 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
386 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 626 citations in OpenAlex.
- TNF-α levels in first-episode, drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder: a case-control study and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Glucocorticoid resistance and β2-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways promote peripheral pro-inflammatory conditions associated with chronic psychological stress: A systematic review across species.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Central hypocretin/orexin administration alleviates sleep/wake disturbances, anhedonia, and neuroinflammation in an animal model of seasonal affective disorder.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Minocycline-Mediated Inhibition of Microglial Activation in Neuroinflammation-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Preclinical Promise and Clinical Limitations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Differential effects of acute, chronic, and social defeat stress on microglial morphology in the basolateral and central amygdala, and the medial and lateral habenula.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Review
- Environmental influences on macrophage epigenetics and trained immunity: a review.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- The effects of propranolol and corticosterone on susceptibility priming in a mouse model of social defeat stress.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Non-classical NMDAR subunit GluN3A in a specialized hippocampal region regulates stress-coping strategies in male mice.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Immunity in Rodent Models of Stress.Biological psychiatry · 2026Review
- Repeated restraint stress-induced increase in post-surgical somatosensory hypersensitivity and affective responding is mediated by β-adrenergic receptor activation and spinal NLRP3-IL1β signalling in male rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- A single glucocorticoid response element regulates sociability in a sex-specific manner.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Social stress worsens colitis through β-adrenergic-driven oxidative stress in intestinal mucosal compartments.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in brain aging: from mitochondrial dysfunction to inflammaging.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Persistent priming of hypothalamic microglia is associated with sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to acute stress, hyperactivity and behavioral response disruption in male rats.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Impact on Neuroimmune Function in the Stress Response and Pain.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- From Stress to Substance Use Disorders: The Expanding Role of Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk in Neuroimmune and Glutamate Alterations in the Nucleus Accumbens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Effects of Propranolol and Corticosterone on Susceptibility Priming in a Mouse Model of Social Defeat Stress.Research square · 2025Article
326 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is associated with altered immune function and development of psychological disorders including anxiety and depression. Here we show that repeated social defeat in mice increased c-Fos staining in brain regions associated with fear and threat appraisal and promoted anxiety-like behavior in a β-adrenergic receptor-dependent manner. Repeated social defeat also significantly increased the number of CD11b(+)/CD45(high)/Ly6C(high) macrophages that trafficked to the brain. In addition, several inflammatory markers were increased on the surface of microglia (CD14, CD86, and TLR4) and macrophages (CD14 and CD86) after social defeat. Repeated social defeat also increased the presence of deramified microglia in the medial amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Moreover, mRNA analysis of microglia indicated that repeated social defeat increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and reduced levels of glucocorticoid responsive genes [glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) and FK506 binding protein-51 (FKBP51)]. The stress-dependent changes in microglia and macrophages were prevented by propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Microglia isolated from socially defeated mice and cultured ex vivo produced markedly higher levels of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide compared with microglia from control mice. Last, repeated social defeat increased c-Fos activation in IL-1 receptor type-1-deficient mice, but did not promote anxiety-like behavior or microglia activation in the absence of functional IL-1 receptor type-1. These findings indicate that repeated social defeat-induced anxiety-like behavior and enhanced reactivity of microglia was dependent on activation of β-adrenergic and IL-1 receptors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.