ArticleThe journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society2011
The open microcirculation in human spleens: a three-dimensional approach.
Article in The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of Blood Flow Type and Position of Blood Barrier in the Fruit Bat Spleen.Anatomia, histologia, embryologia · 2026Article
- Tumor-Induced Splenic Remodeling: Mechanisms of Systemic Immunosuppression and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Identity, ontogeny, and age-related changes in splenic white pulp macrophages in mouse and human spleen.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Xuebijing alleviates acute hydrogen sulfide-induced pyroptosis in rat spleen via suppression of the caspase-1/NLRP3 pathway.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Clinical relevance of the compartments and lymphocyte subsets in the human spleen.Cell and tissue research · 2025Article
- Single cell transcriptome profiling of immune tissues from germ-free and specific pathogen-free piglet.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Effects of the commensal microbiota on spleen and mesenteric lymph node immune function: investigation in a germ-free piglet model.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Towards Realistic 3D Models of Tumor Vascular Networks.Cancers · 2023Article
- Splenic stromal niches in homeostasis and immunity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Multiparametric Tissue Characterization Utilizing the Cellular Metallome and Immuno-Mass Spectrometry Imaging.JACS Au · 2023Article
- The human splenic microcirculation is entirely open as shown by 3D models in virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The impact of aberrant von Willebrand factor-GPIbα interaction on megakaryopoiesis and platelets in humanized type 2B von Willebrand disease model mouse.Haematologica · 2022Article
- High-fat diet activates splenic NOD1 and enhances neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil extracellular traps release in the spleen of ApoE-deficient mice.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Article
- Erythrocyte flow through the interendothelial slits of the splenic venous sinus.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2021Article
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Acute Toxicity in Rats of 5-{[(2E)-3-Bromo-3-carboxyprop-2-enoyl]amino}-2-hydroxybenzoic Acid: A Novel 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Derivative with Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Anti-tumor effects of RTX-240: an engineered red blood cell expressing 4-1BB ligand and interleukin-15.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2021Article
- Exploring human splenic red pulp vasculature in virtual reality: details of sheathed capillaries and the open capillary network.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2021Article
- Expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 on the reticular framework between white pulp and the marginal zone in the human spleen.Journal of clinical and experimental hematopathology : JCEH · 2019Article
- Post-splenectomy sepsis: preventative strategies, challenges, and solutions.Infection and drug resistance · 2019Review
- Analytical High-resolution Electron Microscopy Reveals Organ-specific Nanoceria Bioprocessing.Toxicologic pathology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It has long been debated whether the red pulp of human spleens harbors an open or a closed microcirculation or both. To solve this issue, the authors differentially stained the endothelium in red pulp arterial microvessels and in venous sinuses using brightfield and fluorescence immunohistology with reagents against CD34 and CD141. Three-dimensional models of red pulp arterial microvessels and sinuses were derived from serial double-stained paraffin sections with the help of license-free open-access software. In each model, arterial microvascular ends were traced and verified by reference to the original serial sections. In total, 142 ends were analyzed in the specimens of three individuals. None of these ends was connected to a sinus, suggesting that the human splenic red pulp harbors an entirely open circulatory system. Thus, the spleen is the only human organ where blood passes through spaces not lined by endothelia or other barrier-forming cells.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.