ArticleBreastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine2012
Timing of stage II lactogenesis is predicted by antenatal metabolic health in a cohort of primiparas.
Article in Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Metformin to Augment Low Milk Supply in Pre-diabetic Mothers, a Phase I/II Randomized Clinical Trial
Open the trial in the graphThe Infant Feeding Experience of New Mothers - a Descriptive Pilot Study.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence and factors influencing delayed onset of lactation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Pooled it
- Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of pumping pressure on onset of lactation after caesarean section: A randomized controlled study.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Trial
- Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and gestational diabetes interaction on delayed breastfeeding initiation.PloS one · 2018Trial
- A Cluster Randomized Trial of Tailored Breastfeeding Support for Women with Gestational Diabetes.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2016Trial
- Efficacy of a galactogogue containing silymarin-phosphatidylserine and galega in mothers of preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Trial
- Safety and efficacy of antenatal milk expressing for women with diabetes in pregnancy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2014Trial
- Prolactin in high-metabolic risk pregnancies: Associations with maternal obesity and metabolic health.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Observational
- Development and validation of a risk prediction model of delayed onset of lactogenesis among mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective multicenter study.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- Development and internal validation of an interpretable machine learning model using first-24-h postpartum nursing variables to predict delayed lactogenesis II after cesarean delivery.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association of Pre- and Gestational Conditions and Barriers to Breastfeeding with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Among US Women.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Breast milk NaScientific reports · 2025Article
- Maternal metabolic conditions as predictors of breastfeeding outcomes: Insights from an Australian cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Obesity and Prenatal Intention as Predictors of Meeting Breastfeeding Recommendations in an Urban Birth Cohort.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2024Article
- Mediators of the association between maternal body mass index and breastfeeding duration in 3 international cohorts.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 1.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Fatty Acid Transfer from Blood to Milk Is Disrupted in Mothers with Low Milk Production, Obesity, and Inflammation.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers and associations with birth and breastfeeding outcomes.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Measures of Maternal Metabolic Health as Predictors of Severely Low Milk Production.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTime to onset of stage II lactogenesis varies widely, and delayed onset of lactogenesis (OL) is common among first-time mothers in the United States. Higher body mass index, older age, and larger infant birth weight are identified risk factors for delayed OL; all are known correlates with glucose metabolism. Our objective was to prenatally assess maternal biomarkers related to metabolic health and determine the extent to which these biomarkers predict timing of OL.
methodsWe enrolled a population-based sample of expectant primiparas attending a single prenatal clinic. We obtained a blood sample 1-hour post-glucose load from an antenatal oral glucose challenge test and assayed for the following biomarkers: serum insulin, glucose, adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Our outcome measure was timing of OL, based on maternal report at 3-5 days postpartum. We used linear regression to model OL hour.
resultsTwenty-six of 29 (90%) agreed to screening, 18 delivered at term and initiated breastfeeding, and 16 have complete data. Median (minimum-maximum) postpartum body mass index was 27.4 (21.8-34.7) kg/m(2), and median time to OL was 64 (10-121) hours. The model, OL = 232 - 34.9(ln[ratio insulin/glucose]) - 1.4(adiponectin), explained 56% of the variation in OL hour (p = 0.005) and was not weakened by potential confounders.
conclusionsHigher serum insulin secretion relative to serum glucose after a glucose challenge and higher serum adiponectin are associated with earlier onset of OL. These findings suggest that factors associated with better glucose tolerance predict earlier OL.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.