ArticleToxicology and applied pharmacology2011
Methoxychlor reduces estradiol levels by altering steroidogenesis and metabolism in mouse antral follicles in vitro.
Article in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Disruption ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Adverse Effects of Pesticides on the Ovary: Evidence from Epidemiological and Toxicological Studies.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Exposure to Long- and Short-Chain Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Mice and Ovarian-Related Outcomes: AnEnvironmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Which is the current knowledge on man-made endocrine- disrupting chemicals in follicular fluid? An overview of effects on ovarian function and reproductive health.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Reproductive toxicity of combined effects of endocrine disruptors on human reproduction.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Multi- and Transgenerational Effects of Environmental Toxicants on Mammalian Reproduction.Cells · 2022Review
- Endocrine disruptors and female fertility: a review of pesticide and plasticizer effects.F&S reports · 2022Article
- Endocrine Disruption of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Signaling During the Human Antral Follicle Growth.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility.The Journal of endocrinology · 2017Review
- EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals.Endocrine reviews · 2015Review
- Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on the Ovary.Biology of reproduction · 2015Review
- Methoxychlor and its metabolite HPTE inhibit cAMP production and expression of estrogen receptors α and β in the rat granulosa cell in vitro.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2015Article
- Androgen deficiency during mid- and late pregnancy alters progesterone production and metabolism in the porcine corpus luteum.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2014Article
- Pregnenolone co-treatment partially restores steroidogenesis, but does not prevent growth inhibition and increased atresia in mouse ovarian antral follicles treated with mono-hydroxy methoxychlor.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2013Article
- Di-n-butyl phthalate disrupts the expression of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptotic pathways in mouse ovarian antral follicles.Biology of reproduction · 2013Article
- Methoxychlor induces atresia by altering Bcl2 factors and inducing caspase activity in mouse ovarian antral follicles in vitro.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2012Article
- Methoxychlor inhibits growth and induces atresia through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in mouse ovarian antral follicles.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2012Article
- Impact of environmental exposures on ovarian function and role of xenobiotic metabolism during ovotoxicity.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2012Review
- THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS ON FEMALE GONADAL AXIS: AN UPDATE.Acta endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania : 2005)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The organochlorine pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) is a known endocrine disruptor that affects adult rodent females by causing reduced fertility, persistent estrus, and ovarian atrophy. Since MXC is also known to target antral follicles, the major producer of sex steroids in the ovary, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that MXC decreases estradiol (E₂) levels by altering steroidogenic and metabolic enzymes in the antral follicles. To test this hypothesis, antral follicles were isolated from CD-1 mouse ovaries and cultured with either dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or MXC. Follicle growth was measured every 24 h for 96 h. In addition, sex steroid hormone levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes as well as the E₂ metabolic enzyme Cyp1b1 were measured using qPCR. The results indicate that MXC decreased E₂, testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone (P₄) levels compared to DMSO. In addition, MXC decreased expression of aromatase (Cyp19a1), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (Hsd17b1), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (Cyp17a1), 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (Hsd3b1), cholesterol side-chain cleavage (Cyp11a1), steroid acute regulatory protein (Star), and increased expression of Cyp1b1 enzyme levels. Thus, these data suggest that MXC decreases steroidogenic enzyme levels, increases metabolic enzyme expression and this in turn leads to decreased sex steroid hormone levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.