ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2011
The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 887 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
887 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,574 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic co-localization of variation affecting agronomic and human gut microbiome traits in a meta-analysis of diverse sorghum.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-based therapies in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 randomized controlled trials.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Recent advances and clinical relevance of microbiome dynamics in health and disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- Bacterial cell envelope components of gut commensals: effects in host-microbe interaction.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- TLR Signaling Beyond Immunity: Emerging Roles in Cell Migration, Metabolism, Development, and Host-Microbiome Crosstalk.Biology · 2026Review
- Molecular pathways linking the gut microbiome to antitumor immunity.Trends in microbiology · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptor 2 impacts small intestinal villus capillarization through epithelial dual oxidase 2.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Metabolic shifts driven by host-microbial interactions.The FEBS journal · 2026Review
- Beyond Pathogens: Modulating the Commensal Microbiota to Reshape Immunity for Respiratory Disease Intervention.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Human biomarker navigator.iMeta · 2026Review
- The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- Comparative genomic analysis ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Beyond pathogen recognition: C-type lectin receptors in microbiota regulation.Mucosal immunology · 2026Review
- Outer membrane vesicles secreted byInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- A phase-variable capsule facilitatesmBio · 2026Article
- Bacterial remnants in chloroplast RNA induce immune responses via mouse TLR13 and human TLR7.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles: Research Advances from Biogenesis Mechanisms to Engineered Applications.Membranes · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
827 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.